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CSI 1306

CSI 1306. PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC PART 2. Part 2. 1. Strings 2. Translating Conditional Branch Instructions 3. Translation Set 2 4. Debugging Programs 5. Additional Material. 1. Strings. Strings.

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CSI 1306

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  1. CSI 1306 PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC PART 2

  2. Part 2 • 1. Strings • 2. Translating Conditional Branch Instructions • 3. Translation Set 2 • 4. Debugging Programs • 5. Additional Material

  3. 1. Strings

  4. Strings • A string is any combination of letters, numbers or symbols surrounded by double quotes " " • Two strings are considered equal if and only if each and every character is identical • “Bob” is equal to “Bob” • but not equal to “BOB”, “bob” or “Robert” • Strings can be manipulated in assignment statements

  5. Strings • The following operators can be used on Strings • Len, Lcase, Ucase, Right, Left, InStr, Ltrim, Rtrim, Trim, Val, Str, & • For example • Str(Number) • converts a numeric type into a string • Str(456)  “ 456” • Concatenation (joining two strings) • done with & (ampersand) • “Hello” & “World”  “HelloWorld” (no space) • These operators are defined in the Additional Material at the end of the lecture slides

  6. 2. Translating Conditional Branch Instructions

  7. Review of Comparisons • The arithmetic logic unit in the central processing unit of a computer is capable of comparing 2 numbers • The result of the comparison is either a True or a False • We use the result to determine which block of code to execute (conditional branch) or whether to exit a loop

  8. Review of Comparisons • Comparisons can be made on both numeric and string data types • The comparison operators in Visual Basic are • < Less Than • > Greater Than • = Equal • <= Less Than or Equal • >= Greater Than or Equal • <> Not Equal

  9. Conditional Branch Instructions • IF statement IF (condition) THEN instruction block END IF • Condition is a variable or expression which must evaluate to either True or False • If the condition is True, then execute the instruction block • If the condition is False, do not execute the instruction block

  10. Conditional Branch Instructions • Write a program that will order the values of X and Y so that the smaller value will be in X and the larger value will be in Y. • Use the concept of a SWAP

  11. Conditional Branch Instructions OPTION EXPLICIT 'Written by T. James Sub swap () Dim X as Single 'A Value Dim Y as Single 'A Value Dim Temp as Single 'Hold for a swap If (X > Y) Then temp = X X = Y Y = temp End If End Sub

  12. Conditional Branch Instructions • Are the results identical when these two code fragments are executed? IF (big > small) THEN big = small small = 0 END IF IF (big > small) THEN big = small END IF small = 0 In the left code fragment, small becomes zero only when big is greater than small. In the right code fragment, small always becomes zero

  13. Conditional Branch Instructions • IF statement with an ELSE clause • What if we need multiple related tests? IF (x > 5) THEN do instruction block 1 END IF IF(x <= 5) THEN do instruction block 2 END IF IF (x > 5) THEN do instruction block 1 ELSE do instruction block 2 END IF

  14. Conditional Branch Instructions • IF statement with ELSEIF clauses IF (condition 1) THEN Do instruction block 1 ELSEIF (condition 2) THEN Do instruction block 2 ELSEIF (condition 3) THEN Do instruction block 3 ELSE Do instruction block 4 END IF • Can include any number of ELSEIF clauses • The ELSE clause may be omitted

  15. ALGORITHM If student is a Male Let Mark = 60%Midterm + 40%Final Otherwise Let Mark = 40%Midterm + 60%Final If Mark > 80 Let Grade = A Else If Mark > 60 Let Grade = C Else Let Grade = F VISUAL BASIC If (Gender = “M”) Then NG = 0.6*MT + 0.4*FE Else NG = 0.4*MT + 0.6*FE End If If (Mark > 80) Then Grade = “A” ElseIf (Mark > 60) Then Grade = “C” Else Grade = “F” End If Conditional Branch Instructions

  16. Conditional Branch Instructions • Write an IF statement to assign the correct grade to an exam mark • A if exam mark is 90 or above • B if exam mark is 80 to 89 • C if exam mark is 70 to 79 • D if exam mark is 60 to 69 • F if exam mark is below 60

  17. Conditional Branch Instructions OPTION EXPLICIT 'Written by T. James Sub Grades () Dim Mark as Single 'Final Mark Dim Grade as String*1 'Letter Grade If (Mark >= 90) Then Grade = "A" ElseIf (Mark >= 80) Then Grade = "B" ElseIf (Mark >= 70) Then Grade = "C" ElseIf (Mark >= 60) Then Grade = "D" Else Grade = "F" End If End Sub

  18. Conditional Branch Instructions • What is wrong with this code fragment? If (Mark >= 60) Then Grade = “D” ElseIf (Mark >= 70) Then Grade = “C” ElseIf (Mark >= 80) Then Grade = “B” ElseIf (Mark >= 90) Then Grade = “A” Else Grade = “F” End If • The only two grades ever assigned are D and F

  19. Review of Comparisons • Note that in a comparison, if Pass is a Boolean variable If (Pass = True) Then is the same as If Pass Then and If (Pass = False) Then is the same as If (not Pass) Then

  20. Conditional Branch Instructions • For choosing among integer values of a variable, the SELECT CASE statement may be used SELECT CASE variable CASE value1 Do instruction block 1 CASE value2 Do instruction block 2 CASE ELSE Do instruction block 3 END SELECT • Can include any number of CASE clauses • The CASE ELSE clause may be omitted

  21. IF (X=1) THEN Y = 5 ELSEIF (X=3) THEN Y = 4 ELSEIF (X=6) THEN Y = 3 ELSE Y = 2 END IF SELECT CASE X CASE 1 Y = 5 CASE 3 Y = 4 CASE 6 Y = 3 CASE ELSE Y = 2 END SELECT Conditional Branch Instructions The two code fragments accomplish the same result. The one on the right is easier to read.

  22. Conditional Branch Instructions • For choosing among multiple ranges of values of a variable, the CASE IS clause can be used SELECT CASE variable CASE IS range1 Do instruction block 1 CASE IS range2 Do instruction block 2 CASE ELSE Do instruction block 3 END SELECT

  23. IF (X<10) THEN Y = 5 ELSEIF (X<20) THEN Y = 4 ELSEIF (X<30) THEN Y = 3 ELSE Y = 2 END IF SELECT CASE X CASE IS <10 Y = 5 CASE IS <20 Y = 4 CASE IS <30 Y = 3 CASE ELSE Y = 2 END SELECT Conditional Branch Instructions The two code fragments accomplish the same result

  24. Translating Conditional Branch Instructions • Look at the METHOD • Each conditional branch instruction should be translated to an IF (or, if appropriate, a SELECT CASE) statement • Make your code easy to read. Use a uniform indentation scheme

  25. 3. Translation Set 2

  26. Translate 4 • Translate Algorithm 2.4 Name: FARE Given: Age Change: None Result: Price Intermediates: None Definition: Price := FARE(Age) Get Age If (Age < 16) Let Price = $7 Else If (Age > 65) Let Price = $5 Else Let Price = $10 Give Price

  27. Translate 4 Option Explicit 'Written By T. James Sub Fare() Dim Age as Integer Dim Price as Single Age = InputBox("Age?") • Translate Algorithm 2.4 Name: FARE Given: Age Change: None Result: Price Intermediates: None Definition: Price := FARE(Age) Get Age If (Age < 16) Let Price = $7 Else If (Age > 65) Let Price = $5 Else Let Price = $10 Give Price MsgBox("Fare is " & Price) End Sub

  28. Translate 4 Option Explicit 'Written By T. James Sub Fare() Dim Age as Integer Dim Price as Single Age = InputBox("Age?") • Translate Algorithm 2.4 Name: FARE Given: Age Change: None Result: Price Intermediates: None Definition: Price := FARE(Age) Get Age If (Age < 16) Let Price = $7 Else If (Age > 65) Let Price = $5 Else Let Price = $10 Give Price If (Age < 16) Then Price = 7.00 ElseIf (Age > 65) Then Price = 5.00 Else Price = 10.00 End If MsgBox("Fare is " & Price) End Sub

  29. Translate 5 • Translate Algorithm 2.2 Name: BIG3 Givens: N1, N2, N3 Result: Largest Intermediate: None Definition: Largest := BIG3(N1,N2,N3) Get N1 Get N2 Get N3 If (N1 > N2) Let Largest = N1 Else Let Largest = N2 If (N3 > Largest) Let Largest = N3 Give Largest

  30. Option Explicit 'Written By T. James Sub Big3 () Dim N1 as Integer Dim N2 as Integer Dim N3 as Integer Dim Largest as Integer N1 = InputBox("N1?") N2 = InputBox("N2?") N3 = InputBox("N3?") Translate 5 • Translate Algorithm 2.2 Name: BIG3 Givens: N1, N2, N3 Result: Largest Intermediate: None Definition: Largest := BIG3(N1,N2,N3) Get N1 Get N2 Get N3 If (N1 > N2) Let Largest = N1 Else Let Largest = N2 If (N3 > Largest) Let Largest = N3 Give Largest

  31. Option Explicit 'Written By T. James Sub Big3 () Dim N1 as Integer Dim N2 as Integer Dim N3 as Integer Dim Largest as Integer N1 = InputBox("N1?") N2 = InputBox("N2?") N3 = InputBox("N3?") Translate 5 • Translate Algorithm 2.2 Name: BIG3 Givens: N1, N2, N3 Result: Largest Intermediate: None Definition: Largest := BIG3(N1,N2,N3) Get N1 Get N2 Get N3 If (N1 > N2) Let Largest = N1 Else Let Largest = N2 If (N3 > Largest) Let Largest = N3 Give Largest If (N1>N2) Then Largest = N1 Else Largest = N2 End If If (N3 > Largest) Then Largest = N3 End If MsgBox("L = " & Largest) End Sub

  32. Translate 6 • Translate Algorithm 2.5 Name: MEDICAL Given: Expense Change: None Result: Refund Intermediates: LL, UL (Constants) Definition: Refund := MEDICAL(Expense) Set LL = 100 Set UL = 2,000 Get Expense If (Expense <= LL) Let Refund = 0 Else If (Expense <= UL) Let Refund = 90% (Expense-LL) Else Let Refund = 90% (UL-LL) + 100% (Expense - UL) Give Refund

  33. Option Explicit 'Written By T. James Sub Medical() Dim Expense as Single Dim Refund as Single Const LL = 100 Const UL = 2000 Expense=InputBox("E?") Translate 6 • Translate Algorithm 2.5 Name: MEDICAL Given: Expense Change: None Result: Refund Intermediates: LL, UL (Constants) Definition: Refund := MEDICAL(Expense) Set LL = 100 Set UL = 2,000 Get Expense If (Expense <= LL) Let Refund = 0 Else If (Expense <= UL) Let Refund = 90% (Expense-LL) Else Let Refund = 90% (UL-LL) + 100% (Expense - UL) Give Refund

  34. Option Explicit 'Written By T. James Sub Medical() Dim Expense as Single Dim Refund as Single Const LL = 100 Const UL = 2000 Expense=InputBox("E?") Translate 6 • Translate Algorithm 2.5 Name: MEDICAL Given: Expense Change: None Result: Refund Intermediates: LL, UL (Constants) Definition: Refund := MEDICAL(Expense) Set LL = 100 Set UL = 2,000 Get Expense If (Expense <= LL) Let Refund = 0 Else If (Expense <= UL) Let Refund = 90% (Expense-LL) Else Let Refund = 90% (UL-LL) + 100% (Expense - UL) Give Refund If (Expense <= LL) Then Refund = 0 ElseIf (Expense<=UL) Then Refund = .90*(Expense-LL) Else Refund = 0.9*(UL-LL)+Expense-2000 End If MsgBox("Refund " & Refund) End Sub

  35. 4. Debugging Programs

  36. Debugging Programs • Step 1 • Check the translation from your algorithm to Visual Basic • Step 2 • Recheck the logic in your algorithm • Step 3 • Use the debug facilities of Visual Basic

  37. Debugging Programs • To debug a program is to identify and correct errors in your program • Usually, these are semantic (logic) or runtime errors. You will already have corrected most syntax errors when entering the code • Add Watch capability • Shows the current value of variables and expressions as the program executes

  38. Debugging Programs • Step Into your code • Runs the next executable line of code. If the code calls another program, your view of the code shifts to the called program until it ends • Step Over also runs the next executable line of code. However, if the code calls another program, the entire called program is run so that your view of the code is never shifted from the calling program • Using the watch and step into debug capabilities is analogous to tracing

  39. Debugging Programs • For programs with many lines of code, where you might not want to step through each line of executable code, you can set breakpoints • Toggle Breakpoint • Creates or removes a breakpoint, a location in the code where Visual Basic halts execution • Quick Watch • During break mode, lets you check the value of a variable or expression for which you have not defined a watch

  40. 4. Additional Material String Operators

  41. String Operators • Len(String) • returns the number of characters in the String • Len(“Hello World”)  11 • Lcase(String) • changes all the characters in String to lower case • Lcase(“Hello World”)  “hello world” • Ucase(String) • changes all the characters in String to upper case • Ucase(“Hello World”)  “HELLO WORLD”

  42. String Operators • Right (String, N) • returns the last N characters in the String • Right(“Hello World”, 5)  “World” • Left (String, N) • returns the first N characters in the String • Left(“Hello World”, 5)  “Hello” • InStr (String1, String2) • returns a number, counting from the left, where String2 can be found in String1 • returns 0 if String 2 is not in String1 • InStr(“Hello World”, “World”)  7

  43. String Operators • Ltrim (String) • eliminates leading blanks • Ltrim (“ Hello “)  “Hello “ • Rtrim(String) • eliminates trailing blanks • Rtrim (“ Hello “)  “ Hello“ • Trim(String) • eliminates both leading and trailing blanks • Trim (“ Hello “)  “Hello“

  44. String Operators • Val(String) • converts a string (consisting of numbers) into a numeric type • Val(“123”)  123 • Str(Number) • converts a numeric type into a string • Str(456)  “ 456” (a leading space is always reserved for the sign) • Concatenation (joining two strings) • done with & (ampersand) • “Hello” & “World”  “HelloWorld” (no space)

  45. Homework

  46. For each of the following questions: Develop an algorithm Translate the algorithm into Visual Basic Code • Write an algorithm to reverse the digits in a three digit number and then add that number to 500. For example, 468 becomes 864. When added to 500, the result is 1364. • Write an algorithm to get the names and ages of two people. Return the name of the person who is older (in the format “x is older than y”, where x and y are the names of the two people), unless the two people are the same age, in which case, return the message “x is the same age as y”.

  47. An automotive sales representative’s commission is calculated as a percentage of the sale: • 8% of the first $5,000.00 of the sale price • 10% on the remainder of the sale price, if the remainder is less than or equal to $80,000.00 or • 12.5% on the remainder, if the remainder is more than $80,000.00 • Develop the visual basic code that will accept the sale price of the automobile and calculate and display the sales representative’s commission.

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