Mendelian Genetics

Bi 2c Students know how random chromosome segregation explains the probability that a particular allele will be in a gamete. Bi2. g. Students know how to predict possible combinations of alleles in a zygote from the genetic makeup of the parents. Mendelian Genetics

Objectives: • I will be able to explain the significance of random chromosome segregation. • If I know what the genes of the parents are, I will be able to predict the different kinds of genes their children will have through the application of Mendel’s laws. • I will be able to apply simple probability statistics through a Punnett square to predict the outcome of a monohybrid cross.

Gregor Mendel • Modern genetics began in the mid-1800s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas • used experimental method • usedquantitative analysis • collected data & counted them • excellent example of scientific method

Mendel’s work Pollen transferred from white flower to stigma of purple flower P • Bred pea plants • cross-pollinate true breeding parents (P) • P = parental • raised seed & then observed traits (F1) • F = filial • allowed offspring to self-pollinate& observed next generation (F2) anthers removed all purple flowers result F1 self-pollinate F2

true-breeding purple-flower peas true-breeding white-flower peas 100% purple-flower peas F1 generation (hybrids) 100% 75% purple-flower peas 25% white-flower peas 3:1 F2 generation Looking closer at Mendel’s work X P Where did the whiteflowers go? Whiteflowers cameback! self-pollinate

What did Mendel’s findings mean? • Traits come in alternative versions • purple vs. white flower color • alleles • different alleles vary in the sequence of nucleotides at the specific locus of a gene • some difference in sequence of A, T, C, G purple-flower allele & white-flower allele are two DNA variations at flower-color locus different versions of gene at same location on homologous chromosomes

Allele • An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene. • An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent

Traits are inherited as discrete units • For each characteristic, an organism inherits 2 alleles, 1 from each parent • diploid organism • inherits 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent • homologous chromosomes • like having 2 editions of encyclopedia • Encyclopedia Britannica • Encyclopedia Americana What are theadvantages ofbeing diploid?

What did Mendel’s findings mean? • Some traits mask others • purple & white flower colors are separate traits that do not blend • purple x white ≠ light purple • purplemaskedwhite • dominant allele • functional protein • masks other alleles • recessive allele • allele makes a malfunctioning protein I’ll speak for both of us! mutantallele producingmalfunctioningprotein wild typeallele producingfunctional protein homologouschromosomes

X P purple white F1 all purple Genotype vs. phenotype • Difference between how an organism “looks” & its genetics • phenotype • description of an organism’s trait • the “physical” • genotype • description of an organism’s genetic makeup Explain Mendel’s results using …dominant&recessive …phenotype&genotype

PP pp x X P purple white F1 all purple Making crosses • Can represent alleles as letters • flower color alleles  P or p • true-breeding purple-flower peas  PP • true-breeding white-flower peas  pp Pp

true-breeding purple-flower peas true-breeding white-flower peas 100% purple-flower peas F1 generation (hybrids) 100% 75% purple-flower peas 25% white-flower peas Looking closer at Mendel’s work phenotype X P PP pp genotype Pp Pp Pp Pp self-pollinate 3:1 F2 generation ? ? ? ?

PP 25% male / sperm P p Pp 50% 75% P Pp female / eggs pp p 25% 25% Punnett squares Aaaaah, phenotype & genotypecan have different ratios F1 generation (hybrids) Pp x Pp % genotype % phenotype PP Pp Pp pp 1:2:1 3:1

Genotypes • Homozygous = same alleles = PP, pp • Heterozygous = different alleles = Pp homozygousdominant heterozygous homozygousrecessive

purple PP homozygous dominant purple Pp heterozygous How do you determine the genotype of an individual withwith a dominant phenotype? Phenotype vs. genotype • 2 organisms can have the same phenotype but have different genotypes Can’t tellby lookin’at ya!

x Test cross • Breed the dominant phenotype —the unknown genotype — with a homozygous recessive (pp) to determine the identity of the unknown allele How does that work? is itPP or Pp? pp

x x How does a Test cross work? Am I this? Or am I this? PP pp Pp pp p p p p P P Pp Pp Pp Pp P p Pp Pp pp pp 100% purple 50% purple:50% whiteor 1:1

P P P p PP Pp pp p p Mendel’s 1st law of heredity • Law of segregation • during meiosis, alleles segregate • homologous chromosomes separate • each allele for a trait is packaged into a separate gamete

Metaphase 1 Law of Segregation • Which stage of meiosis creates the law of segregation? Whoa!And Mendeldidn’t even knowDNA or genesexisted!

Monohybrid cross • Some of Mendel’s experiments followed the inheritance of single characters • flower color • seed color • monohybrid crosses

Any Questions??

Mendelian Genetics