Musculoskeletal & energy systems Long term effects of exercise

1. Musculoskeletal & energy systems Long term effects of exercise

2. Learning Objectives • Can you describe the long-term effects of exercise on the Musculoskeletal and Energy Systems? (P3) • Can you explain the long-term effects of exercise on the Musculoskeletal and Energy Systems? (M2)

3. Key Verbs

4. Content • Energy System – increased aerobic and anaerobic enzymes; increased use of fats as an energy source • Skeletal System – Increase in bone calcium stores; increased stretch in ligaments; increased thickness of hyaline cartilage; increased production of synovial fluid • Muscular System – hypertrophy; increase in tendon strength; increase in myoglobin stores; increased number of mitochondria; increase storage of glycogen and fat; increased muscle strength; increased tolerance to lactic acid.

6. Long-Term effects on Muscles • Muscle Hypertrophy • Stress causes muscle to tear • Muscle repairs itself • Tissue becomes bigger and better

7. Increased Tendon Strength • Adapt in the same way as muscles • May also increase flexibility • Cartilage thickens

8. Increased Myoglobin • Muscles can store more Myoglobin as a result of regular exercise • Binds to oxygen in muscles • Improved Oxygen carrying capacity

9. Increased Mitochondria/Glycogen + Fat • Mitochondria – Produce ATP. Therefore can produce more energy • Glycogen – Stored form of Glucose. Source of energy = More energy • Fat - Triglycerides mean that you have a larger source of energy to draw from

10. Improved Muscle Strength • Overloading the resistance that muscles are moving • Muscle adapts and gets stronger

11. Increased Lactate Tolerance • Lactic Acid causes fatigue • Able to flush it out quicker and tolerate levels more • Improved Capillarisation helps removal in Endurance activities

12. Long-Term Effects on the Skeleton • Increased Bone Calcium • Bones strengthen due to the stress placed on them • More calcium improves Bone Strength • Less chance of Osteoporosis

13. Increased Ligament Stretch • Ligaments and Tendons become more flexible • Ligaments are more pliable • Increased ability to change shapes at joints

14. Thicker Hyaline Cartilage • Less chance of bones rubbing together • Less Friction • More efficient movement More Synovial Fluid

15. Long Term effects on Energy Systems • Increased Aerobic Enzymes • Mitochondria increase in size • More enzymes means that ATP can be broken down more effectively • More enzymes to break down body fat

16. Increased Anaerobic enzymes • More Glycolytic Enzymes • More efficient Anaerobic Glycolysis • Body can buffer effects of Lactic Acid

17. Increased use of Fats • Training means that Fat stores can be accessed more readily • More Fat is stored in muscle tissue • Can exercise for longer