When It Was First Used

1. Mustard Gas By: Meagan Smith & Kristen Lane When It Was First Used Mustard gas was first used by the German army against the British in 1915, near Ypres. Ypres, a city in Belgium, was the center of heavy intense battles between the German and Allied forces. Mustard Gas, also called Yperite, was one of the most poisonous chemicals used during World War I. The gas is almost odorless . Mustard gas is so powerful it only took small amounts to fill land mines and explosive shells to have its effect on people and soldiers. Throughout World War I both sides, Allied and German, were racing to see who came up with most effective chemical or gas that could easily drop the opponents army size. As the gases and chemicals began to improve there was a need for a barrier against these gases. Masks of course were the answer to this problem. The first mask to come to invention, in 1915, against these gases was just some water-soaked fabric (The water helped filter out the gases.) and string, which absorbed chemicals. This mask went through many developments. Eventually Germans came up with Yperite, which you know as Mustard Gas! The masks that both sides already had couldn’t stand the powerful impact that this gas has. It can get through all clothing and masks. In 1916, the canister gas mask was deployed.  A canister gas mask.

2. Effects of Mustard Gas • Mustard gas is called mustard gas because of its smell. It became to be the most effective chemical of WWI. It was most effective because it was hard to detect, it stuck to anything, it masks clothing, it can form fogs, and it was also easy to deliver. • The longer the skin was exposed to the gas the worst the effect would be. Once exposed blistering would start hours or days afterwards. • The most likely to be damaged were the eyes; there first symptom would take affect 2 hours later with an irritation to the eyes. The eyes would swell and be forced to shut, they would be very sensitive to light, and the cornea would begin to decay. • If the victim had inhaled a large quantity of Mustard Gas then their respiratory tract would become inflamed and eventually close up and the victim would suffocate and die.

3. Christmas miracle of1914 By: Denee Picket & Elizabeth Bollman The Christmas miracle of 1914 is a story that some people tell around Christmas time, but it is also a real event December 25th,1914 was the first Christmas the soldiers had during the war It started with the Germans setting up Christmas decorations and singing carols. The Britain's replied with Christmas greeting and their own carols. Eventually they met up in “no mans land “ and even played football (soccer)

4. Germans put up signs “You No Fight We No Fight” (they didn’t know a lot of English) • They entered No Mans Land and took away the dead bodies and celebrated Christmas • They even shared little gifts with each other consisting of: food, tobacco, alcohol, and little souvenirs • A few days later the two sides went back to shooting at each other • The Christmases after that year were not as friendly as in 1914, because: • The war has grown and more intense • Higher commands prohibited it after getting the news of the event

5. Trench FootWorld War one By: Azarael Almaguer & Mallahni Lindsey

6. Background: • Medical condition caused by over exposure to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions. • Feet become numb, turn red, then blue, and over time may have decaying odor. • First noted in Napoleons army in 1812 • Was a problem in trench warfare during winters of WW1, WW2, and Vietnam War

7. Pictures: Example of a trench in world war one Amputation about to occur Ground type trench foot Water filled trench

8. Post tramatic stress(shell shock) *Shell shock was a term used during the first world war to describe the phycological truama suffered by men serving on the wars key battlefronts. *At first shell shock victims were believed to be suffering from the direct physical effects of shell blasts, or from a form of monoxide poisoning.

9. Shell Shock *They had moderate panic attacks often causing them to flee from the battlefronts. Some people recover over time while others remain traumatized. By the end if the war over 20,000 men were still suffering from shell shock. Thousands more suffered from the symptoms. * The term shell shock was established in 1917 by a medical officer named Charles Myers. It was also called PTSD. *Most victims could sleep nor eat. *Symptoms were four times higher in officers then in regular soldiers.

10. Tanks When they first had the idea of a tank, they wanted the tanks to have: • A top speed of 4mph on flat surface • Ability to turn sharp turns while doing top speed. • Ability to cross 8 feet trenches. • Working radius of 20 miles. • A crew of 10 men with two machine guns on board. The tank met most of the specifications before they went to war, but there were some difficulties at first and needed modification.

11. Tanks • Tanks were all terrain vehicles that shot like a cannon and protected from on coming war • British were among the first to develop tanks; while Germany created anti-tank weapons • Leonardo da Vinci had first created a sketch of a vehicle like tank; unfortunately the idea was never pursued until WWI • They used the bases of farm tractors to construct a tank • They were built to withstand all terrains and could shoot like a cannon (they were like drivable cannons) • They tanks started out like cars; having mainly the availability to shoot and drive in all terrains • Later they were developed to protect from enemies that fired weapons • The tanks allowed soldiers to drive through the battle field with some protection

12. Women’s Roles Dajai and Yvette • Cooking • Cleaning  • Taking care of the family  • Sewing clothing  • Government Sponsored Journals • Writers • Doctors • Communications • Administration • “Prostitutes” • Nurses • Fund-raisers • Police • Factories • Public Transportation

13. Women's Roles • Women were judged by their beauty rather than by their ability, but just before the war they started to break away from those traditional roles. As men started to serve for their country, women started to replace their jobs. There was a lot of training to prepare women to be able to substitute skilled men.  • They worked in farming, forestry, on the railways, as bus drivers, in industries, as nurses, and work in many other jobs. • Women also had the opportunity to join the women's police force, and the women's arm, navy, and air force. • War brought many changes to  women's lives.   Statistics • Approximately  400.000 women served in the armed forces.1.7 million worked in domestic service, 800,000 worked in the textile manufacturing industry, 600,000 worked in the clothing trades, 500,000 worked in commerce and 260,000 in local and national government. Munitionettes produced 80% of the weapons and shells used by the British Army and daily risked their lives working with poisonous substances without adequate protective clothing or the required safety measures.

14. Amputations • Define: A disability that resulting in the loss of limbs . • Amputations during the World War were done in tents . • The process of amputating a leg began with getting you intoxicated to numb your limbs which led into the amputation

15. Amputation • After the limb of a soldiers was completed soldiers began to complain of pain where their limb use to be this was later defined as Phantom limb pain • A major cause of amputations was the trench foot

16. Life In The Trenches • Death, disease, limbs, lice, rats maggots and insects were all around the men fighting in world war one. • There were rotting bodies in shallow graves & men who hadn't washed in weeks because there was no place for them to bathe.

18. Life in the trenches • Rats- there were to main types of rats in the trenches brown and black . The most fearful rat was the brown rat because it ate human remains and grew up to the size of cats. Rats produce up to 900 off springs a year, spreading infections and contaminating the food. • Lice was a problem that never ended. Lice hide in the seems of dirty clothes causing the soldiers to itch. When the clothes were wash the eggs of the lice remain the seems. When it was reworn the eggs hatch because of the body heat of humans. Also they cause trench fever a painful disease cause by high fever.

19. Carrier Pigeons They were used back in World War I and World War II to send important messages from the canisters on their back or front, which were only about two and a half ounces. They were useful due to the fact it was fast and easy transportation because they could fly to and from the stationary headquarters. Once they landed, a buzzer would sound off so it could let the receiver know. The pigeons were only directed to fly one way, which was their home. By: Zipporah McNeil and Najah Mullin

20. Carrier Pigeons FACTS • They have saved may lives because they could fly over enemy lines. • Some enemies would have hawks to search and hunt for the carrier pigeons because they knew that important information was being spread. • Survival was on only 10% past the enemy lines. • Originated in Syria and Persia.

21. Weaponry of WWI One of the Most important weapons that was created in WWI was the machine gun. The invention of the machine gun enabled soldiers to shoot 400-600 hundred .30 caliber rounds a minute. Sir Hiram Maxim Invented the first machine gun in 1884. The Maxim machine gun was very helpful in WWI, but it had many flaws. For one it was very heavy. The gun weighed in about 60kg; so the gun required a six man team to operate it. Another problem is that it overheated a lot, and need plenty of water to keep it operational. It was not uncommon for soldiers to pee in the cooling jacket when they were out of water to cool it down. Another problem with the machine gun was that it jammed quite frequently, which meant it was required to have multiple machine guns set along trenches to keep enemy at bay with hundreds of thousands of bullets flying down the battle field. The Machine Gun:

22. Flamethrowers & Mills Bomb • The Flamethrower was first used in WWI • It brought terror to French and British Soldiers in 1914-15 • The flamethrower is used to spread fire by launching burning fuel • The Mills Bomb was introduced in 1915 • It was used by the British • There were many different models of this grenade. The No. 5 could be shot from a rifle.