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Biomechanics of Gait Walking

Biomechanics of Gait Walking. E. Muybridge. Applications. Biomechanics of Gait Walking. Walking as a Critical Fundamental Movement Pattern Walking as a Recreational Activity Walking as a Modality for Rehabilitation Walking as a Competitive Sport

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Biomechanics of Gait Walking

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  1. Biomechanics of GaitWalking E. Muybridge

  2. Applications Biomechanics of GaitWalking • Walking as a Critical Fundamental Movement Pattern • Walking as a Recreational Activity • Walking as a Modality for Rehabilitation • Walking as a Competitive Sport • Influence of Injury/Disease/Disability on Walking • Aging Effects on Walking and Implications Independence • Footwear Issues • Energy Cost E. Muybridge

  3. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Describing the Gait Cycle Characteristics of Walking Cyclic Universal Pattern Bi-laterally symmetric Range of Speeds Adaptable to Varied Surfaces Efficient

  4. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Describing the Gait Cycle Phases of the Gait Cycle Stance Phase • Initial Double Limb Support • Single Limb Support • Terminal Double Limb Support Swing Phase • Initial Swing • Terminal Swing

  5. Biomechanics of GaitWalking When we walk, what must happen ?? Control ForcesProduce Resist Dissipate

  6. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Objectives Control Forces Maintain Balance

  7. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Objectives Resist/Dissipate Forces Maintain Balance Move Body in Intended Direction

  8. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Objectives Resist/Dissipate Forces Maintain Balance Move Body in Intended Direction Conserve Energy

  9. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Produce/Resist /Dissipate Force Source of Forces Gravity Muscle Contraction Inertia Direction of Forces Vertical Fore/Aft Medial Lateral Magnitude of Forces .1 to 1.2 BW’s

  10. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Produce/Resist /Dissipate Force Forces produce moments (torques) that…. Cause rotations – Total Body Joint Segment

  11. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Maintain Balance Walking……..a series of catastrophes narrowly averted…… The Issues – Dynamic Movement Influenced by external factors Single versus Double Support Depends on Multiple Systems Adaptations in Base of Support

  12. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Move Body in Intended Direction Re-Positioning of Center of Gravity Re-Positioning of Limb Segments Force Production applied to the ground

  13. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Conserve Energy The Six Determinants of Gait (Inman, et. al.)

  14. Biomechanics of GaitWalking The Six Determinants of Gait Underlying Concept Energy Expenditure = Work Done Work = Force x Distance Force = Mass x Acceleration Therefore – the amount of energy we expend is directly related to the amount of mass we move and the extent and speed of movement

  15. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Determinants of Gait Pelvic Rotation – transverse plane Lateral Pelvic Tilt – frontal plane Knee Flexion – during stance Ankle PF - at Toe Off Ankle DF – at Foot strike Gait Width – frontal plane

  16. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Role of Foot Motion Objectives To aid in force dissipation To provide a mobile adapter To provide a rigid lever for propulsion Mechanism - Sub-talar Joint Motion A Tri-planar motion PF and DF Inversion/Eversion AB/ADduction

  17. Biomechanics of GaitWalking At Ground Contact Lateral Side Medial Side Contact Made on the Lateral Border of the Heel Foot is Supinated Foot is Rigid

  18. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Early Stance to MidStance Lateral Side Medial Side Foot is Pronated Foot is Mobile (flexible) Enhances Balance

  19. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Late Stance to Toe-Off Lateral Side Medial Side Foot is Supinated Foot is Rigid Enhances Propulsion

  20. Biomechanics of GaitWalking Pronation/Supination Issues: Too Little – Loss of force dissipation Loss of Mobility – Balance Stress Injury Too Much Relationship to Tibial Rotation Associated Patellar Tracking Issues Soft-Tissue Stress Control of Pronation/Supination Shoe Design Orthotics Muscle Strengthening – Posterior Tib

  21. Biomechanics of GaitRunning

  22. Biomechanics of GaitRunning • As a component of competitive sport • As a recreational activity • As a stage of motor development • As a cause of injury Running:

  23. Biomechanics of GaitRunning Differences between walking and running • Velocity - Greater range than walking • Kinematic Parameters - Increase in most • Kinetic Parameters - Increase in some • Energy Cost - Generally greater • Phasic Differences…….

  24. Biomechanics of RunningDifferences Between Walking and Running • Walking - • Always a Double Support Phase • No Flight Phase Walking

  25. Applied BiomechanicsBiomechanics of RunningDifferences Between Walking and Running • Walking - • Always a Double Support Phase • No Flight Phase Walking • Running - • Never a Double Support Phase • Always a flight Phase Running

  26. RunningWhat’s Involved? • Project body vertically/horizontally • Sufficient vertical/horizontal impulse • Flight • Dissipate impact • Appropriate vertical/horizontal impulse • Maintain balance in single support • Re-position limbs

  27. How is Propulsion Produced? • Propulsive Force • Segment motion • Newtons 3rd • Transfer of Momentum • Free leg • Arms

  28. How is Momentum Dissipated? • Foot Mechanism • Ankle Mechanism • Knee Mechanism • Shoe Mechanism • Surface Mechanism

  29. Walking/Running ForcesGRF Differences Running Walking

  30. Ground Reaction Forces in Running • GRF’s Influenced by • Velocity • Vertical Displacement • Shoes • Surface • GRF’s Influence • Foot Pressures • Joint Forces • Joint Moments • Impact Shock

  31. Braking/Propelling GRF in Running

  32. M/L GRF in Running

  33. Running - Joint ROMAdaptations • Ankle • Increased PF/DF • Increased pronation/supination • Knee • Increased flexion in early stance and swing • Hip • Increased flexion and extension • Pelvis • Increased transverse plane rotation • Arms • Increased shoulder ROM • Increased elbow flexion

  34. RearFoot Motion in Running • Sub-talar Joint Motion • Increases duration of impact - facilitates dissipation of momentum • Locks/un-locks mid-foot - adaptation to terrain • Provides rigidity for propulsion • Dynamic Measurement - rearfoot angle • Relationship between calcaneus and shank • ***FootTrak***

  35. Rearfoot Motion - Too Much…Too Little

  36. Running ShoesIssues

  37. Biomechanics of Running Issues? Surface/Shoe Cushioning.. Versus.. Energy Cost The Problem !!!

  38. Biomechanics of Running Issues? What Factors Influence Speed ??? Speed = Stride Length x Stride Rate Stride Length Anthropometric Factors Strength Flexibility Neuromuscular Factors Stride Rate Neuromuscular Factors Technique Can Running Speed be Improved ??? Yes !!!!!!!

  39. Biomechanics of Running Issues? What Factors Influence Energy Cost ??? Speed Vertical Displacement “Extra” Motion Optimum Stride Length…Stride Rate Relationship Can Running Efficiency be Improved ??? Yes……..but!

  40. Biomechanics of Running Issues? Injuries – A Biomechanical Origin Most running injuries have a biomechanical origin !! Issues – Force Inability to dissipate force Repetition

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