By Hannah Smith

1. The Incas By Hannah Smith

2. Who Were the Incas? The Incas were an ancient civilization. They lived in the Cuzco area in 1200 and then stretched to twenty-five hundred miles long and 500 miles wide area down the coast of South America.Before the Incas became an Empire they were just a small tribe that lived in the city Cuzco. They worshiped gods and believed in omens and dreams. Around 1430 C.E a tribe that was next door attacked the Incas but fortunately for them the Incas won. That is how the empire started. Later the Incas won more and more wars and then the empire spread to a larger area of Peru and some of Chile, Argentina , Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia . The Capital city was Cuzco since that is where the empire started. The Empire ended in the 1533.

3. Cuzco Cuzco is the capital city of the civilization for that is where the empire started.It was the heart of the empire and was high in the Andes Mountains.Cuzco was a very beautiful city. There were palaces, temples, houses, and government buildings. It had gardens filled with colourful and bizarre herbs, trees, and flowers. There was a huge public square for ceremonies and gatherings. The streets were paved. Water was brought in by waterway to store the palaces because the Incas took baths.Nowadays this city is in Peru

4. Building a Grand Empire The Incas called their empire ‘The Four Parts Together’ for it was divided into four parts :the northeast, southeast, northwest and the southwest.The Ruler was called the Sapa Inca. The name contained the word Inca because it represented a small group of people that made part of the Incan Empire. That group’s original home was the Cuzco area. The rest of the people who made up the Incan Empire would be in the Ethnic group known as the Andean people as they lived in the Andes mountains. The Sapa Inca would not get elected but was born for the job. Three rulers made the Incan kingdom into the largest Empire in the Americas up until that time. These are the ruins of Machu Picchu. It is the best saved Incan spot.

5. Pachacuti Pachacuti was the first great ruler. He was the ninth Inca (or Ruler). His name meant ‘he who tranforms the earth. Pachacuti won land around Cuzco and took his army to the north. Until Pachacuti became the emperor the Incan Empire had very little space or territory. Year after year Pachacuti made the empire bigger and bigger.His wife’s name wasAnahuarque and his brother’s name was Capac Yupanqui.

6. Tupa Inca Tupa Inca was the tenth Inca(or ruler). He was as good as making war as his dad Pachacuti (the ninth Inca). In Chile and Argentina Tupa Inca won a war and made the Empire a larger area bigger than Spain! By the end of Tupa Inca’s ruling the Incan empire was nearly as huge as the Roman empire! Tupa Inca stretched the empire the most from all the rulers. He was the one who won the wars and gained 3/5 of the empire at the end. He achieved the parts of Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador.

7. HuaynaCapac Huayna Capac was Tupa Inca’s son. He was the eleventh Inca (or ruler). He brought millions of items from Ecuador and Colombia to the Incan Empire but when he tried to extend the kingdom into the forested lands the Araucanian Indians rejected to give up. The Incas also did not succeed at spreading the empire far into the Amazonian rainforest in the north. Later in about 1525 he died probably of small pox.

8. Government and Laws The Incas not only spread their kingdom by war but also by thoughtful means and threats of violence. They knew how to keep what became theirs. They were extremely good organizers, in fact they ruled one of the best-run empires! In one hundred years the Incas achieved millions of people who had languages, religions and many more different from the Incas and made them into part of the Incan Empire. By everyone working together the people learnt the Quecha language , the Incan religion, laws and more ,making the Kingdom into one. One of the laws was that every adult had to work for the state each year. Men and women could do farming or mining. Women could also do weaving. This kind of forced labour was called ‘Mita’ . When a woman’s husband would go to war she would often go along to take care of him. The Ruler would make the laws which meant that if there was a new ruler the laws could have been changed. Nothing could be done unless the Sapa Inca would agree with it but how can he rule an empire that holds 12 million people. The Answer is he didn’t. He organized his government in a pyramid.

9. Sapa Inca Supreme council 4 people Provincial Governors Officials:priests,army officers, judges and more Tax collectors.There are seeral levels of tax collectors. There was one tax collector for every ayllu (family group). That tax collector would report to another tax collector (but on a higher level) that might be in charge of ten families or groups. A tax collector can even be in charge of 100 ayllus or even 10,000. Workers. Workers were organized into ayllus (families or groups. Most of the Incan empire were workers

10. If the ruler would make a new law he would tell the highest level tax collector and then that tax collector would tell the news to another tax collector and to his ayllus and then that tax collector that got the news from the other tax collector would tell his ayllus and another tax collector and the word would go on and on until everyone knew the news. If an Inca would break any Inca law we would be punished. A punishment could be pushed off a cliff, have your feet hands cut off or tied to a wall and left there to freeze. Pretty cruel right? Mostly the Government officials would be members of the Sapa Inca’s family. You could tell if a Inca person was royal or not. When a Sapa Inca was small a board would be strapped to their heads tightly. It didn’t hurt but their head would grow almost into a point. To the Incas pointed heads were a symbol or sign of buety and power. The Quipu was a kind of gadget that that tracked births, deaths, crops, weapons and numbers of men free for war and architecture projects. The Quipu worked like this. It was made of strings basically and there were many of them different colour and size. A string with a particular colour could represent like the number of men available for war and another colour might represent the crops. A simple knot on a string stands for one. A longer knots can show numbers of objects up to nine. At the bottom of the string it stands for one and at the top it stands for hundreds and thousands. Royal accountants kept the quipu and kept track of the quipu. When there would be a natural disaster like an earthquake, the government would send food and blankets to the people who survived the disaster.

11. Religion and Beliefs Gods and Godesses- The Incas worshiped lots of gods like the God of the sun , The God of the thunder, moon, rainbows, mountaintops, stars, planets and many more. To avoid troubles and problems the Incas worshiped all the gods everyday. The Incas and other Andean people thought that gold was the sweat of the sun and silver was the tears of the moon. The priests were very powerful because people believed they could read signs of the gods. Priests saw signs everywhere. They could read signs in the flames of a fire, or in the way a plant grew. The Incas were called the children of the sun and the Inca ruler was the son of the sun. Inti- Inti was the god of the sun . He was the giver of the heat and light and was known as the father of the emperor. Sometimes white llamas would be sacrificed to him. Apocatequil- Apocatequil was the god of lightning. People thought that to keep him happy statues of his royal self were built or put on the mountaintops. Mama Quilla- Mama Quilla was the goddess of the moon and was the wife of the Sun god Inti. She was also the mother of Kon (the god of the rain). Pariacaca-Pariacaca was the god of the water and rainstorms. They say that he was born a falcon and later became human. Paricia-Paricia was the god that made the flood come to kill the humans who were not treating him well enough. Supay- Supay was the god of death. Urcaguary- Urcuagary was the god of metals,jewels and other underground items. The Incas also worshiped the Huacas. The Huacas were sacred places or objects. Huacas were everywhere. A huaca could be a large building, or a tiny statue as small as your hand. Every family said daily prayers to little family huacas. Priests performed daily ceremonies at the temples, saying prayers to the huacas with care. Every month the Incas made a massive religious festival. The festivals would be outside. Games, songs, dancing, food, and sacrifice (of animals usually) were all part of the festivities. If something special was happening, like there was the crowning of a new emperor the Incas would also sacrifice a human as a part of the festival

12. Houses and otherBuildings Incas were also very good at building and architecture. They built things without using the wheel. They actually never used the wheel. Anyway for building they used workers or farmers. Those workers and farmers only used a stone hammer to cut huge stone blocks and to polish the rock they would use wet sand. The blocks would fit so evenly that no mortar was needed at all. The Gateway of Sun Tiahunaco in the Andes mountains is only carved from one stone!!!Machu Picchu was probably built in 1500(close to when the empire ended). It was dicovered by the Spanish (the people who invaded the incas ) or by the Westerners. It was discovered in 1911 by Hiram Bingham. It is a beautiful site. Alot of mummies and tombs were found there. Most of them were women.Inca houses were made of mud or stone blocks

18. Family and Home Life CommonPeople In the Incan family life, a man would work to support his family and a woman would work at home, help her husband at work or took care of the children. The people on the bottom of the pyramid had to teach and educate their own children. Families would get divided into family groups called ayllus. Ayllus helped each other when they could. Nobody was homeless and everyone was well fed. All 10 million people. But common people had no freedom. They could not own or run a buisness. All things the common people had in their house was the things they needed for work. Forunately they had religous holidays. The holidays weren’t big. There was a law that common people had to always work. They only had a tiny amount of time to eat and take baths. Laws told who should work, where and at what time. Every once in a while Inspectors came to check if everyone was following the rules. If someone broke the rule (which nearly no one did) they would get killed.

19. Children Life The Incan people were very smart. When a child would be old enough he or she would be held responsible for a kind of job. That job they had for their life. They would be trained but the training would be only related to the job that they got.They would be taught by listening and watching what their parents were doing. The wealthy children were taught at school by their parents schools in Cuzco. Incan Children waited a long time to get their name.Until the age of two they were called ‘baby’. At two they would get a nickname. Finally when the child would be 13 or 14 they would choose their own pernament name. Children were left alone most of the day because their parents worked.

20. Their Clothes The Incas wore clothes that were good for the climate. The government would send clothes for free to the people who needed them. In the mountains when it was cold the people wore alpaca or llama wool. The clothes for all normal(common) people in the average weather was interesting. Men wore loincloths, tunics and capes in the cold weather. Women wore long dresses and square cloaks called mantas over their shoulders. Both men and women wore sandals and colorful scarves or bands.

21. Marriage The Incas thought that everyone had to get married. A woman would marry a 20 year old man before the age of twenty.If a man would not get married by the time he was twenty a woman would be chosen for him. The Inca royals could have many wives but the commons could only have one wife. The Inca rulers sometimes married their sisters too. When two normal (common) people would get married they would hold hands and exchange their sandals.

22. Food and Crops The Inca people farmed crops like corn, potatoes, coffee, and grain (in Quecha called quinoa). Quinoa was used to make cereal, flour and soups.The Incas were the first people to plant and grow potatoes. They also grew tomatoes, avocados, peppers, strawberries, peanuts, squash, sweet potatoes, beans, pineapple, bananas, peanuts, spices, and coco leaves to make chocolate. They kept honeybees too.The Inca‘s mainly made, farmed or killed their own food. But also they could trade or barter. Some of the foods or drinks that they made was chuño (freeze-dried potatoes) and chicha (corn juice beer). For meat they ate llamas,alpacas and more. Very often there would be a seasonal hunt organized to get meat for the more important The commons ate little meat but did not go hungry at all. The Incas invented the first freeze-dried method for storaging food. It worked like this: They would leave the food out in the cold, then stamped on it for the water to go out then left the stamped food to dry in the sun and guess what. It worked. When they wanted to use dehydrated food they just added water. The Incas also invented terrace farming. They just carved steps of flat land up the side of a mountain to create a flat surface for farming. The terraces also kept water from the rain from running off. The Government built these sort of pipelines to carry water to the farmlands for farming. Farmers grew (or farmed )more food than was needed. That food that wasn’t needed would be dried and stored in warehouses in case there would be a war

27. Llamas The Incas did not have any horses or cows but they did have this one animal that was the most important animal they had. It sometimes was sacrificed to the gods by the Incas on special ceremonies. They are on pottery and weaving patterns too.This animal is called the llama. It is the camel's cousin as it can live without food and water for a long time. It is about four feet tall and four feet long. The llama was used for transportation and gave wool and meat to the Incas. That is why a lot of myths and legends are about the llamas. The llamas were used for transportation to carry food and tools but never carried people. They could only hold 45 kilograms. They can very easily travel 6 miles a day over uneven ground. On flat groundThey never plowed or things like that because they were too weak and delicate. Llamas are originally from South America. The Incas used their wool for clothes and more and their meat was in stews and soups. When a llama died their skin would be dried and made into leater for ropes and sandals. Llamas are herd animals and need to be with other llamas to be happy. They have big personalities and are very nice,loving and gentle. When a llama gets mad he or she will spit or sit stubbornlly. They dont like when someone keeps on staring at them. If you do stare at them the llama might spit in your face.

28. Jobs Sapa Inca-the Sapa Inca is the ruler or emperor. Inca chosen woman- A chosen woman would be a common girl that was chosen by officials for her talents and buety at the age of 10. She would help in ceremonies and make the emperors royal clothes. Inca peasant man-Peasant men worked as farmers or as barterers. When they were needed for different things they would build or go to war. Inca Peasant woman- Peasant women worked in the house taking care of the family and helped in the farm and fields. Inca Vicuna herder- A Vicuna herder would be a person who keeps Vicunas (a cousin of the llama) for their wool which was made into fabric. Inca runner or messenger- An Inca runner or messenger would be a man who took messages from the emperor in Cuzco to other Incan cities and the other way round only by running. Inca soldier- An Incan soldier would be a free man ( a free commoner) that went to war to help win more land to add to the empire. Inca Army officer- An Incan army officer would be a relative to the Sapa Inca and led the armies and won new lands for the empire. Inca priest- Incan priests were relatives of the Sapa Inca also. They led ceremonies for Inti (the god of the sun).

29. Being a Messanger Before I only told you a bit about the Incan messangers and runners. Well now I will tell you more. If a runner brought news of an emergancy like disturbance or invasion the Incas would light a bonfire and the rising smoke would go in the air and spread the alarm. Messangers ran only to take messages but a man can’t run for that long so he would have to forward the message to another one while still in motion until the other messanger memorized the message by heart. Messangers stayed in huts waiting for another messanger to come by so they could start their journey. To let the others know that he was arriving, the messanger would blow a conch shell .

30. Language The Incas language was called Quechua. It was a spoken but not written language. In 1911 the total population of Peru was about seven million.From these seven million people two and a half million speak Quecha. Two thirds of those 2 and a half million people spoke no other languages but Quecha.

31. Aclla:   Woman chosen for royal service Acllacuna:    Chosen Women  Amaru:   A type of large snake  Anyas:   Skunk Apachita:    Sacred offering Atoc:  Fox  Apichu:  Sweet potato Aquilla:   Golden goblet Auqui:   A Prince Canca:   Sacred bread  Caquingora:  Ibis-like bird Chasqui:   Relay runner Chicha:   Fermented beverage, corn beer Chuchau:  Maguey plant  Chullpa:   Burial vault or tower Chuñu:   Desiccated potatoes  Coca:   Narcotic plant Cocohuay:  Turtledove Coya:   Principal wife, sister,queen Cui:   Guinea pig Cuntur:  Condor  Curaca:   Queen Cusi:  Joy, pleasure, or content Cusichaca:   Bridge of Happiness Guacamaya:  Macaw or parrot Huallpa:  Sun of joy Huaman, Guaman:  Hawk Ichu:   Coarse grass

32. Inchic:  Peanuts Killa-moon Mani:   Peanut Micos:  A type of monkey Nusta:   Princess  Nyunyuma:   Duck Ozcollo:   Wild cat or ocelot Pacay:   Guava Pachacutec:   One who turns or changes the world Pahuac:   Flying  Palla:   Noble lady  Palta:   Pear Pampa:   Low-level treeless or grassy plain  Papa:   Potato Pariapichiu:   Sparrow  Pisco:   A small bird  Pitahaya:  Cactus pear Pucara:   Fortress   Puma/ Poma:  Mountain lion or puma Puna:   A type of partridge; High-level grassy plan Purutu:   Beans  Quenti:   Hummingbird Quero:   Wooden goblet  Sapallu:   Calabashes or melons Sinchi:   Chief, leader 

33. Pariapichiu:   Sparrow  • Pisco:   A small bird  • Pitahaya:  Cactus pear • Pucara:   Fortress   • Puma/ Poma:  Mountain lion or puma • Puna:   A type of partridge; High-level grassy plan • Purutu:   Beans  • Quenti:   Hummingbird • Quero:   Wooden goblet  • Sapallu:   Calabashes or melons • Sinchi:   Chief, leader  • Suri:   Ostrich • Suyuntu:   Turkey-buzzard Taruca:   Deer  Tocco:   Cave mouth, window Topo:   Shawl pin; standard of measurement  Totora:   Reed, rushes  Tupac:   He who shines; Royal Uchu:   Pimiento Uritu:   Parrot Urpi:   Dove Ussun:   Plum Uturuncu:   Tiger Vicuña:   Fine-haired wild camel Yaku:   Water Yupanqui:   Honoured  Yutu:   A type of partridge

34. Life After Death Like the Ancient Egyptians the incas believed in the afterlife. They also mummified the dead ones. The family of a dead person would have a funeral for eight days ! Women that were really depressed and sad that a family member died would wear black clothes for a year and cut her hair short. If a ruler would die his tomb would be found in his palace. That dead ruler would be treated as alive. Like servants would bring the body things. On special occasions his mummy would be carried through the streets. Did you know that even poor mummified their dead?They wuold just place the dead body out in the cold in above ground tombs. The Incas could enter and reenter these tombs, leaving gifts of food and belongings. They could also get these things back if they were needed.

39. Inventions The Incas invented things like terrace farming, pipelines, a kind of stonework, bridges, the quipu and Freeze dried foods like I already told you before but they invented more. They also invented a kind of calendar. According to the Incas there were 12 months in a year, 3 weeks in a month and 10 days in a week. They also invented an instrument. It is called a panpipe. It is some pipes tied together and then you blow through them and it makes a kind of music.

40. How the whole Empire ended The Spanish people are the people who invaded the Incas and ended the empire in 1533. The Spanish were treasure hunters that were led by a man called Francisco Pizarro. Right before Francisco Pizarro and his group came there was a war for the Incas. Remember Huayna Capac? Before he died he didn’t announce who will be the next Inca so when he did die of smallpox his two sons both wanted to be the emperor. Their names were Huascar and Atahualpa. Before Atahualpa could Huascar got crowned as the Inca so Atahualpa declared a war with the new ruler. At last Atahualpa won, killed his brother and crowned himself king. In 1527 Pizarro’s men explored the coast of Peru while Francisco Pizarro heard stories about a very rich Indian empire in the Andes mountains. His search was the beginning of the end for the Incan empire. The Incas got warnings before like bearded beings are coming with hair on their chins or floating houses that sailed away. But they were worried about the most that these beings brought diseases that can cause dying. Then Pizarro left the country and came back to Spain. Later he came back but with 180 soldiers with him. This time the Spanish people stayed in the Incan empire. They decided to meet Atahualpa the new Inca . Pizarro and his men made a trap and killed Atahualpa and the priests and soldiers with him. That is when the ruler died leaving his empire without a leader. That is when the soldiers began to fight but when they tried to fight the Spanish but the Incas weapons (which were spears and shields) were no match to the Spanish guns. Seven thousand Incan soldiers were killed by the Spanish when none of the Incas managed to kill any of the invaders. Later then the Incan empire belonged to the Spanish and the Incan people were forced to be catholic. Later the pipelines that was very important to the Incas for farming collapsed. That was the end.

41. The Remains of the Incas Nowadays some people in the Andes still use some things the incas used or invented like the reed boat, the way of farming and more. Some people in the andes still speak the quecha language and use the quipu instead of a calculator or something else. Also women in the Andes still do weaving the way the Inca women did. Llamas are still very important in the Andes

42. Thank You for Watching My Presentation