Chapter 4 Health and Illness

1. Chapter 4 Health and Illness Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

2. Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

3. Definition of Health • According to WHO, health is “ a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” • health is: • a resource. • a right, and • a personal responsibility Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

4. Values and Beliefs • Values: ideals a person feels are important • e.g. knowledge, health, financial security, wealth….. • Beliefs:concepts a person holds to be true • e.g. pray , fasting , Obey parents, deal kindly with children. Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

5. Health • Health is a limited resource and a valuable possession • Health is a right • Health is a personal responsibility that requires continuous personal effort Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

6. Wellness and Holism • Wellness is full and balanced integration of all aspects of health: physical, emotional, social, and spiritual • Holism is the sum of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs • Physiologic (first level) • Safety and security (second level) • Love and belonging (third level) • Esteem and self-esteem (fourth level) • Self-actualization (fifth level) Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs • Physiologic (first level) • Safety and security (second level) • Love and belonging (third level) • Esteem and self-esteem (fourth level) • Self-actualization (fifth level) According to their significance , the most important needs are that in the first level , each higher level is les important to survival than the previous level Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

9. Illness • Illness: State of discomfort that results when disease, deterioration, or injury impairs a person’s health • Morbidity:Incidence of a specific disease, disorder, or injury that refers to the rate or numbers of people affected • Mortality: The number of people who died from a particular disease or condition Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

10. Types of Illnesses • Acute illness: sudden onset and lasts for a short time. Examples (Cold, influenza, tonsillitis…). • Chronic illness: comes on slowly and lasts a long time. Examples (hypertension, arthritis, diabetes mellitus…..). • Terminal illness: there is no potential for cure Approaching death (Aids, Malignant tumor). Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

11. Types of Illnesses (cont’d) • Primary illness: develops independently of any other disease (Acute Tonsillitis). • Secondary illness: develops as a result of a pre-existing primary condition ( hypertension due to heavy smoking). • Remission: disappearance of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease; resembles cured state but relief may be temporary. Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

12. Types of Illnesses (cont’d) • Exacerbation: reactivation of disorder; occurs periodically in clients with long-standing diseases.(Return of signs and symptoms) e.g. Hepatitis B Carrier. • Hereditary condition: acquired from genetic codes of one or both parents; symptoms may or may not be present at birth.e.g. Thalesimia, DM. Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

13. Types of Illnesses (cont’d) • Congenital disorders: present at birth but result of faulty embryonic development.e.g. Dextrocardia, Spin bifida, Hydrocephalus. • Idiopathic illness: cause is unexplained e.g. Cancer Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

14. Health Care System • A health care system includes agencies and institutions where people seek treatment for health problems or assistance with maintaining or promoting their health. • Include those that offer health prevention, diagnosis, treatment, or rehabilitation.(hospitals, clinics, institutions, private sectors, NGO's ) Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

15. Health Care System (cont’d) • Primary care: services provided by first health care professional or agency a person contacts(e.g. clinics, home doctors…). • Secondary care: services to which primary caregivers refer clients for consultation and additional testing. • Tertiary care: services provided at hospitals or medical centers . • Extended care: services that meet health needs of clients who no longer require acute hospital care " e.g. Rehabilitation” Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

16. Financing Health Care • Government-funded health care • Medicare • Prospective payment system: reimburses hospitals on a fixed-rate basis derived from the diagnostic-related group • Medicaid

17. Nursing Team • "Personnel who care for clients directly. • Five common management patterns • Functional nursing, case method, team nursing, primary nursing, and nurse managed care Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

18. Nursing Team(cont’d) • Functional nursing • Each nurse on a client unit is assigned specific tasks(e.g. drugs, vital signs, dressing…). • focus is more on completing task rather than caring for individual clients Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

19. Nursing Team(cont’d) • Case method • One nurse manages all care a client or group of clients needs fora designed period of time “in home health, public health, and community mental health nursing” • Team nursing • Nursing personnel divide clients into groups and complete their care together • Organized and directed by team leader; conferences are an important part Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

20. Nursing Team(cont’d) • Primary nursing • Admitting nurse assumes responsibility for planning client care and evaluating the client’s progress • Remains responsible and accountable for specific clients until discharge • Nurse managed care • The nurse manager plans nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc

21. Continuity of Health Care • Continuity of care ensures: • From one level to another. • From one agency to another Bader EL Safadi BSN , MSc