On-Farm Chicken Genetic Gains Study Training Manual Presentation in Ethiopia

1. African Chicken Genetic Gains On-farm Study    Training Manual presentation - Ethiopia Holetta, Ethiopia May, 2016

2. Plan for this week • Learn procedures for undertaking the on-farm chicken performance evaluation including the experimental design, data collection, feeding and management standards • Discussions on farmer recruitment, obtaining consent, dealing with challenges during the study • Train on the use of tablets and Open Data Kit (ODK) including data management • Practicing skills for the practical aspects (e.g. weighing birds, tagging of birds) • Reviewing the process of data collection – adapting the sheets, ODK and practical aspects as needed • Setting up the schedule and activities timeline for the on-farm study • Review and agree the role and responsibilities of enumerators, Country teams and program support team; and • Agreeing on the study monitoring process for Country teams, the SNC and program support team.

3. Presentation outline Outline • ACGG program outcomes • Program objectives and activities • Program sites • On-farm study objectives and design • Roles and responsibilities • Risks and benefits to participating HHs • Bird identification • Household registration • Bird registration and sexing • Data collection modules • HHs labour allocation Bird body weight • Livestock inventory Health (vaccination / routine medication and treatment) • Housing and water Bird feeding • Bird inventory Egg production Likability (importance and preferences) • Bird entry and exit Egg sales, consumption and gifts General observations 11. Scheduling visits to households

4. ACGG Program Outcomes • Data driven understanding of the breeds and specific traits that poor smallholder farmers, especially women, prefer across the various countries • Farmer preferred lines, that produce at least 200% more than existing local breeds, are made accessible to smallholders through public and private organizations • Increased realized productivity for smallholders with access to the tested, farmer preferred lines • Empowered smallholder women engaged as chicken producers • Long-term chicken genetic gains programs with clear plans for breeding are established in each country with the capacity to drive accelerated genetic gains.

5. ACGG Program Objectives & Activities Objective 1:Define and characterize current smallholder chicken production systems, chicken ecotypes, current realized productivity, husbandry practices, and the socio-economic status of smallholder farmers in Nigeria, Tanzania, and Ethiopia; (BASELINE) Objective 2:Identify, characterize, and test highly productive African chicken germplasm to determine productivity across agro-ecologies and management conditions and to define farmer preferences; (ON-STATION & ON-FARM) Objective 3:Identify, characterize, and test tropically-adapted chicken germplasm to determine productivity across agro-ecologies and management conditions and to define farmer preferences; (ON-STATION & ON-FARM) Objective 7:Develop and nurture Community and Sub-National Innovation Platforms focused on empowering poor smallholder farmers, especially women, in the chicken value chain; and (LINKED TO ON-FARM)

6. ACGG Program Sites in Ethiopia

7. On-Farm Monitoring Study Objective & Design OBJECTIVE • Evaluate the performance of, and farmer preference for, African and tropically-adapted chicken germplasm under farmer managed conditions and across different agro-ecologies DESIGN • Testing 5 strains: 1.Kuroiler, 2.Koekoek, 3.Embrapa 051, 4.Sasso, 5. Horro • All 5 strains are tested in each of the 63program villages • 8households in a village receive each strain; the strain they receive will be RANDOMLY chosen • 25chicks of a strain are provided to each household • Households are visited every 2 - 4 weeks for 72 weeks to collect data on chicken management and performance • Statistical name for the design is: Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) where Block = Village

8. How farmers areselected for on-farm monitoring We need to recruit 40 households in each village to participate… Criteria for a farmer to participate: • Chicken keeping for at least 2 years; • Currently keeps no more than 50 adult chicken; • Willingness to accept 25 birds of a randomly selected strain; • Commitment to provide night shelter at a minimum; • Commitment to supplemental feeding • Willingness to take part in ACGG related discussions; as part of the data collection, allow identification (tagging), vaccination and treatment of introduced and existing birds and, • Willingness to participate for a minimum of 72 Weeks in ACGG data collection (pending adverse events outlined in consent form). The 20 households in each village who participated in the baseline, fulfill the criteria above and who are willing to consent are recruited. • To reach 40total households in a village, additional chicken-keepers are randomly selected from household list and visited to confirm the above criteria and their willingness to participate.

9. On-Farm Monitoring Study Data Collection Prior to first visit • Household recruitment to the study • Random allocation of strain First visit (week 0-[Birds approximately 6 weeks of age]) • Household general information (registration) • Tagged bird registration & sexing of tagged birds Week 6, 22, 50 and 70 • Labour allocation to chickens, bird housing & water, (other) livestock inventory, Likability Every 2 weeks from (week 12 (Birds approximately 18 weeks of age) to week 72 • Egg Production, sale, consumption & gifts First visit and then every 4 weeks to week 72 • Bird inventory, Body weight of tagged birds First visit and then every 4 weeks • Entries & Exits, Health (prevention & treatment), Feeding

10. Strains to be tested • Kuroiler • Koekoek • Embrapa 051 • Sasso • Horro • Fayoumi (not confirmed) • Kuroiler • Koekoek • Embrapa 051 • Shikabrown • FUNAAB Alpha • Fulani • Sasso (not confirmed) • Kuroiler • Koekoek • Embrapa051 • Sasso • Black Australorp

11. Roles and responsibilities – Study Coordinators • SNCs (Study Coordinators) • Oversee the study operations in all the sites and ensure that the study program succeeds • Monitor the recruitment of field officers by ensuring that proper procedures are followed • Ensure that all field officers have been trained • Provide logistical and administrative support to trainers during the training of supervisors and field officers (enumerators) and during the field operations • Facilitate deployment of supervisors (if applicable) and field officers to their work areas after training • Monitor the performance of field officers through regular reviews of data submission summaries and conduct visits to field officers and/or training refresher sessions as needed • Regularly report on the progress of the study to their Country Team and NPC

12. Roles and responsibilities - Supervisors • Supervisors • Ensure that the required data are collected as per the data collection schedule • Ensure that enumerators submit the data collected in a timely manner and are of the highest quality possible • Lead and guide field officers in performing their work efficiently • Carry out the day-to-day supervision of the enumerators • Support the enumerators in responding to queries from study respondents • Maintain cordial atmosphere in the team and with the local communities • Work closely with the study coordinators (SNC) in all matters pertaining to the study operations • Report on the progress and any critical issues of the on-farm data collection to the study coordinators (SNC).

13. Roles and responsibilities – Field Officers On-farm enumerators (Field Officers) • Attend the training course and all other scheduled meetings • Study the on-farm manual very carefully and remember the main points which are explained; become fully familiar with the data collection sheets • Set up schedule for household visits in their village and conduct the on-farm data collection and bird monitoring as per the schedule • Ensure all modules are completed and data entered into ODK of good quality • Submit the data in a timely manner • Report any challenges and issues to supervisors and their study coordinator as soon as possible • Maintain a cordial atmosphere in the team, and with the local communities.

14. Benefits and Risks to participating households A. Benefits • Receive 25 vaccinated birds brooded to at least for 42 days. These birds will have received all standard vaccinations; • The Newcastle Disease (NCD) booster vaccination will be provided; • Male chickens upon reaching 18 weeks of age can be consumed or sold for your benefit; • Receive training on recommended chicken management practices; and • Others may benefit in the future from the information we find in this study. B. Risks • The introduced birds may die • The existing chickens in the household may die • The introduced chickens may not be high producing; and • The introduced birds might outcompete with the existing birds in the household and vice versa.

15. Bird identification • Introduced birds will be tagged on the right wing with a tag that will show a 5-digit code (XYYYY)-X representing a letter and Y representing a number • Birds of the existing flocks (~+/- 2 weeks the age of the introduced birds) will be tagged on the left wing with a tag with a 5-digit code (XXYYY) - X representing letters and Y numbers • All bird tag numbers will be mapped to each household ID to create a unique bird ID within the database, i.e. ABBCCCCXYYYY or ABBCCCCXXYYY

16. What do we do in the visit? Frequency: 1 Time prior to the study • Prior to study (Household Recruitment) • Obtain informed consent from the farmer & randomly allocate farmer to strain (preferably during community meeting / event) • The country team submits this information to the ILRI data support team • First visit by enumerators to households (Household & Bird Registration) • Household registration & general information • At the same time birds are delivered to the household – tagged birds to be registered, sexed and full flock inventory taken • Subsequent Visits • Flock inventories; Body Weights; Egg Production & Use; Health & Feeding; Entries & Exits

17. Frequency: 1 Time at start of data collection (Week 0) Household registration • At the start of data collection information regarding the household will be collected • ‘Householder’ is the main chicken-keeper in the household; Enter 0 if no members in age / gender category

18. Frequency: 1 Time at start of data collection (Week 0) Household registration cont’d

19. Frequency: 1 Time At Bird Delivery (Week 0)- (birds approximately 6 weeks old) Tagged Bird registration and sexing • All ACGG introduced birds and some existing birds (whose age is +/- 2 weeks of the introduced birds delivered i.e. 4 – 8 weeks old will need to be tagged, registered and sexed • Introduce birds are delivered at 6 weeks old age • This will be done one time upon the arrival of the introduced birds-(birds approximately 6 weeks old) • The sexing should be carried out for all tagged birds (introduced and household flock) • (Non-tagged birds will be registered in the Bird Inventory)

20. Frequency: (Week 6, 22, 50 and 70) Household labour allocation Who takes care of the chicken in the Household? [ ] (code)

21. (other) Livestock Inventory Frequency: (Week 6, 22, 50 and 70) Does your household have any (other) livestock? [ ] (0 = No, 1 = Yes). If yes complete table below • In some appropriate areas and households DO NOT ASK HOW MANY PIGS KEPT (ENTER 0)

22. Bird Housing and water Frequency: (Week 6, 22, 50 and 70) Is water made available to the birds throughout the day? (0 = No, 1 = Yes) • Complete the table below asking for chicken housing in the day & night • Remember that farmers committed to providing night shelter in their consent

23. Likeability – Importance & Preference Frequency: (Week 6, 22, 50 and 70) • The first table is about IMPORTANCE of chicken characteristics to farmers

24. Likeability cont’d Frequency: (Week 6, 22, 50 and 70)

25. Likeability cont’d Frequency: (Week 6, 22, 50 and 70) • The second table is about LIKEABILITY (FARMER EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR PREFERENCE FOR THESE)

26. Likeability cont’d Frequency: (Week 6, 22, 50 and 70)

27. Bird Inventory Frequency: (First visit – Week 0 then every 4 weeks) • Total numbers of birds and number of each sex in both the introduced and household flocks is captured at first visit and every 4 weeks • It provides the opportunity to track household flocks who have not been tagged

28. Bird entries Frequency: Week 4 and then every 4 weeks • It helps to keep track of all entries • After the start of monitoring NO birds entering the household will be tagged • If birth / hatched on farm in past 4 weeks then type of bird = chick and age skipped • All entries are assumed to be into the HOUSEHOLD FLOCK. If the parentage of chicks born on the farm is known then enter this information in Comments

29. Bird exits Frequency: Week 4 and then every 4 weeks • Households should be reminded to keep the wing bands of birds that exit the household (if exit is live farmer needs to record the tag ID) Have you had any bird exits in the last month? (0=No, 1=Yes) • Note that introduced birds cannot be sold or consumed. But, unless male introduced birds older than 18 weeks of age (12 weeks of the study) can be sold or consumed

30. Bird exits cont’d Frequency: Week 4 and then every 4 weeks • Depending on the flock, tagging and reason for exit the data below will be collected

31. Bird exits cont’d Frequency: Week 4 and then every 4 weeks • Codes of bird exit (code A and Code B)

32. Body Weight of Tagged Birds Frequency: First visit (week 0) and then every 4 weeks • Body weight (BW) • Body weight will be measured using a digital hanging scale • Group body weights for the introduced and HH tagged birds will be recorded for the entire flock upon delivery (week 0) and every 4 weeks • Tagged males will be weighed until Week 12 of the study (approximately 18 weeks of age), • Tagged females will be weighed until Week 72 of the study

33. Body Weight of Tagged Birds cont’d Frequency: Every 4 Weeks • When taking weights, the enumerator should complete the following steps (it may be easier to use a notepad for the below and then enter data into ODK when complete – if no assistance available): • Record Householder Name & Flock being weighed (weigh separately) • Sex of the birds being weighed (males and females to be weighed separately) • Tare collection instrument • Record the number of samples to be taken • Record the number of birds in the sample and the weight of the sample • Repeat until all tagged birds (from both flocks) have been weighed

34. Health – Vaccination / Routine Medication Frequency: Week 4 and then every 4 weeks • This data sheet is used to record any preventative or routine treatment of the birds

35. Health – Bird Sickness & Treatment Frequency: Week 4 and then every 4 weeks • Week 4 and then every 4 week visit to the household the enumerator will complete the Bird Health Treatment • This module is used to record sickness in the birds and any treatment • It is possible that farmers will contact enumerators between visits to ask for advice on sick birds, enumerators and/or their supervisors to agree appropriate response

36. Health – Bird Sickness & Treatment cont’d Frequency: Week 4 and then every 4 weeks • Depending on the flock and whether the bird is tagged the below will be collected

37. Frequency: week 4 and then every 4 weeks Bird feeding • Bird feeding practices collected at week 4 and then every 4 weeks until week 72 • Before and/or during the first visit (week 0) to ask farmers about the containers they use to feed their chicken. • They will establish the weights of different feeds in the containers (keeping the information in a notebook) using the weighing scales they will have with them. • If during any later visit a farmer introduces another container the enumerator will again weigh feeds available in the container. • Data entered in the ODK module will be weight in GRAMS.

38. Frequency: week 4 and then every 4 weeks Bird Feeding cont’d

39. Frequency: week 4 and then every 4 weeks Bird feeding cont’d • For each feed type the following data should be collected

40. Egg production Frequency: week12 [Birds approximately 18 weeks of age] then every 2 weeks) • Egg production (from ALL birds)  • Egg production will be collected starting at week 12 and then every 2 weeks; the household will be informed to collect all eggs for the day before the enumerator arrival • Eggs from the household flock and the introduced flock are combined for counting; the number of laying hens from each flock so that in analysis we can estimate the number of eggs from each flock. • The number weighed may be different from total number of eggs if eggs are broken or being brooded on (HH flock only)

41. Egg Use - sale, consumption and gifts Frequency: week 12and then every 2 weeks • Eggs sold, consumed, used for hatching, gifted or other (e.g. eaten by chicken, broken) should be recorded (every 2 weeks)from week 12until week 72 • Encourage the farmers to record (using tally) use of eggs for different reasons • Eggs collected just prior to this section should be included in the NEXT 2-weekly visit.

42. General Observations Frequency: Any visit • This module can be used to record any general observations not already captured in other modules.

43. Discussion questions • If you are planning to collect egg data on Friday, when should you inform the farmer of your visit? • What are some culturally appropriate ways of engaging women in your region? Can you explain how you could use this/these method(s) when collecting ACGG data? • What should you do if a household has had 7 mortalities of adult birds in the last 4 weeks? If the deaths happens at the start of the 4 weeks, would you want to know sooner? • How should you proceed if a household has sold introduced chickens before the close of the experiment (males<20 weeks, females<72 weeks)? • What would you say if a farmers informs you that they have not provided supplementary feed for their birds because they didn’t know they needed to provide feed?

44. Discussion questions 6. How do you proceed if a farmer does not avail him/herself for data collection? What are some strategies for mitigating farmer fatigue across the 18 months of data collection? 7. What do you say and do if a household informs you that they no longer want to be an ACGG household? 8. If a farmer asks you where they can buy/be given more of the strain they have been provided, how do you respond? 9. How do you proceed if a farmer asks you for advice on poultry keeping/management, and you are uninformed about the topic/request? 10. What do you do if your tablet, ODK, or sim card is not functioning properly?

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