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Effect of Physical Changes in Vegetation and Air on Allergic Disease Development. Dr. Ayşe Bilge ÖZTÜRK. TTD 16th Annual Congress. Conflict of Interest. I have no conflict of interest. Global Warming.
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Effect of PhysicalChanges in VegetationandAir on AllergicDiseaseDevelopment Dr. Ayşe Bilge ÖZTÜRK TTD 16th Annual Congress
Conflict of Interest • I have no conflict of interest.
Global Warming Average global temperatures are expected to increase by 1.4-5.80C between 1900-2100. P.J Beggs. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:1507-13.
Theaveragetemperature in 2071-2100 would be 4-50C higherforcoastalregions 5-60C higherforinlands of Turkeycomparingtotheaveragefor 1961-1990. Demir İ, ve ark. PRECIS bölgesel İklim Modeli ile Türkiye için İklim Öngörüleri: IV. Atmosfer Bilimleri Sempozyumu, 2008, Bildiriler Kitabı, 365-373. TC. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü. İklim Değişikliği ve Yapılan Çalışmalar 2008.
Climate Change Effects • Extreme weather events • Change in sea levels and water sources • Heat waves • Loss of biodiversity • Desertification TC. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü. İklim Değişikliği ve Yapılan Çalışmalar 2008.
HealthEffects of ClimateChange • Thermalstress • Floodsanddroughts • Airpollution • Infections • AirwayDisease • AllergicDisease TC. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü. İklim Değişikliği veYapılan Çalışmalar 2008.
Increase in airpollutants • Changes in aeroallergens • Time • Distribution • Amount Increase in CO2 concentration Increase in airtemperature HealthEffects Allergicrhinitis AsthmaAttack AtopicDermatitis P.J Beggs. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:1507-13.
Impacts of climateChange on aeroallergens Pollenamount • Increases in pollen associated with increases in CO2 concentration and/or temperature. • Increase in temperature in Denmark and Switzerland at the end of 1900s-increasing amount of pollen • Positive correlation between total pollen count in a year -temperature increase in July between 1983-1998 in Japan. Beggs PJ. Clin. Exp Allergy 2004;34:1507-13.
PollenAllergenicity • Major Birch pollen allergen Bet v1 • If daily mean temperature were on average 1.0-2.50C different during the growing season • Stronger allergenicity at high temperatures Ahlholm JU, et al. Clin Exp. Allergy 1998;28:1384-8. • Heterogeneity of pollen proteins within individual Betula trees • Regionaldifferences • ExtractsfrombranchesfacingsouthhavehighIg-E bindingcapacity • Hjelmroos M. et al. Int. ArchAllergyImmunol 1995;108:368-76.
PollenSeason An increase in cumulative temperatures over 5.50C in January, February, and March; A trend to earlier pollen seasons in UK. Emberlin J. et al. Int J Biometeorol 2002;46;159-70. Warming over the period 1981-2000 in Italy; • increase of 20 days for pollen season length and early beginning of pollen season • Frenguelli G. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2002;57:141-3Int J Biometeorol 2002;46;159-70.
PlantandPollenDistribution Long term response to climate change (50-100 years) • Disribution shifts in some species • Extinctions in some cases • Betula, Olea ve Parietaria distrubution will extend by a several hundred kilometres to northern hemisphere. • Oak, hickory, pine tree species will increase in America. • Wind speed, direction, rainfall and humidity • Dust storms, hurricanes Beggs PJ. Clin. ExpAllergy 2004;34:1507-13. Reid CE. Et al. Ecohealth 2009; 12:1-13.
Otheraeroallergens • Increase in fungi spores • Seasonal Alternaria spore concentration in UK showed a distint upward trend between 1970-1998. • Earlier seasonal start (from late June to early June) • High temperature-increase in cockroaches Corden JM. et al. Aerobiologia 2001;17:127-36.
CO2 Othergreenhousegases Temperature otherclimate changes Humanactivities Lord of therings Of coursemyfriends, it is likelythat wegotoourdoom.
Ekstreme Whether Events and Aeroallergens Severe whether events such as thunderstorms and huricanes; • Higher rates of asthma attack and rhinitis • Pollen grains burst –easly enter the lower airways • Increase in Didymella, Cladosporium ve Alternaria spores • Increase in asthma related ED visits and hospitalisations • Extensive mold growth inside-outside of the buildings • Increase in dust particles and air pollutants Reid CE. et al. EcoHealth 2009;6:458-70.
AirPollutants, ClimateChangeandAeroallergens • O3 inflammatory effect • PM ve SO2 transporter for pollens • Increase in allergen release • Prolong the retention of pollens in the airways • Increase in O3 air level-increase in aeroallergen concentration polen yoğunluğundaki artış ile ilişkili • Increase in air pollutants-increase in asthma ED visits Reid CE. et al. EcoHealth 2009;6:458-70.
ClimateChangeAndAllergicDiseases • Accordingto WHO data globally 300million peoplecurrentlyhaveasthmaandquarter of thesediefromasthmaannually. • AllergicRhinitisprevelance : 5% in 1950s 12% in 1990s 15 % in 2000 Explosion in asthmaandallergies Shea KM. et al. J AllergyClinImmunol 2008;122:443-53.Nihlén U. et al. Allergy 2006; 61(11):1299-304.
AirQuality-AsthmaandAllergyAssociation Increase in NO2,O3, PM levels • Increase in asthma and allergic disease prevelance • Decrease in lung functions • Increase in respiratory infections Increase in PM level • Increase in asthma related hospitalisations Increase in O3 level • Increase in ED visits related to asthma in childen • Agressive response to allergens • New onset of asthma • Increase in mortality Reid CE. et al. EcoHealth 2009;6:458-70.
Thunderstormes-Fires-ThermalStressandAllergicDisease • Hot and humid enviroment-higher rate of eczema • Higher rate of asthma and allergic rhinitis attacks- severe whether events such as hurricains and thunderstorms • Thermal stress-higher rate of mortality in elderly patients having respiratory disease
What about in Turkey? Theaverageannualtemperatureincrease is associatedwith; • Asthmaandwheezingprevalance in bothsexes Inwomen; • Asociatedwitheczemaprevalance Annualincrease in humidity is asociatedwith • Asthmaincidence in women Metintas S, Kurt E. Int J Environ Health Res 2010:1-11.
Solutions for Adaptation • Draw attention about impacts of climate change • Development of strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. • Indoor and outdoor air quality standarts. • Development of political initiatives to encourage adaptation to climate change. • Giving information about infectious and respiratory diseases due to climate change to helth care workers. • Development of new studies reflect our country’s perspective.
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