The Mogul Empire

1. The Mogul Empire

2. Mogul Empire Map

3. But a Lauryn pointed out, there were a few others too! Vietnam , China , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Iraq , Iran , Mongolia , North Korea , South Korea , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , Romania , Moldova , Palestine , Poland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Hungary , Kuwait , Bulgaria , Belarus , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia ,Thailand (Siam), Myanmar (Burma) , Japan , Java , Austria , Croatia , Egypt , Israel , Jordan , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , Lebanon , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania , Greece and Macedonia. Continued on next slide Countries - Mongol Empire! As Megan says: The main modern day countries the Mogul empire covered were China and Russia.

4. Genghis khan was leader and founder of the empire 2 facts about the Mongol Empire : The Mongol Empire (1206–1368) was the largest empire in world history. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. By Lauryn Who ran the Mongol Empire? And Warren, Ali and Megan agree with this

5. 2 cools stories from Warren(not sure if they qualify as facts!) • Genghis khan killed his brother over a gold fish! • When Genghis khan was born he had a blood clot on his hand witch is a sign of a great leader (he was)

6. The Mongols • In northern central Asia, separate groups of nomad tribes, lived isolated from the rest of the world. Like other nomads in the region, the Mongols lived off of the land around them. They lived in tents, which allowed them to migrate from place to place in search of the best hunting grounds, and the most fertile soil. Their name comes from their homeland, which was known as Mongolia. • They had been under the control of the Chinese until in the 11th century one of the tribal leaders, Kubal Khan brought the tribes together to oust the their overlords. • This put them at odds with the Chinese but also the Turks, another group of nomads who were supported by the Chinese. So this was the legacy inherited by his family.

7. Genghis Khan, the great grandson of Kubal Khan • Around A.D. 1205 a tribal leader emerged in Mongolia that would change the fate of the people for centuries. This man’s name was Temujin.

8. Temujin worked to unite the many different tribes in Mongolia under a single government. After successfully bringing the Mongolians together, he established written laws known as the yasa. The yasa guided the actions of Mongolian’s throughout the whole of their empire. The Yasa was an all embracing code of ethics – not one copy of which remains as these were kept secret. But it has been referred to by other writers. Many things carried a death penalty including some peculiar ones Whoever urinates into water or ashes Whoever intentionally lies Whoever finds a runaway slave or captive and does not return him to the personto whom he belongs is to be put to death But in cases of murder one could ransom himself by paying fines which were: for a Mohammedan - 40 golden coins ; and for a Chinese - one donkey ! Genghis Khan

9. More about the Yasa • But there were some interesting and different ideas included in it too • No taxes or duties should be imposed upon priests, lawyers, physicians, scholars, people who devote themselves to prayer and those who wash the bodies of the dead. • All religions were to be respected and that no preference was to be shown to any of them. • Leaders must examine the troops and their armament before going to battle, to supply the troops with everything they needed for the campaign and to survey everything even to needle and thread. • He ordered that a permanent postal service was maintained in order that he might be informed in good time of all the events of the country • In summary, the Yasa states that it is essential to love one another, not to commit adultery, not to steal, not to give false witness, not to be a traitor, and to respect old people and beggars. Whoever violates these commands is put to death.

10. Military • Temujin also established a powerful military, and insured that they had the best weaponry, and training of any army on Earth at the time. As a result of his successes, his people began to refer to Temujin as the Khan, or king. He became known as the Genghis Khan. • Genghis Khan and his generals practiced advanced military disciplines, such as mobility, psychological warfare, intelligence, military autonomy, and tactics. • Genghis Khan and others are widely cited as producing a highly efficient army with remarkable discipline, organization, toughness, dedication, loyalty and military intelligence, in comparison to their enemies. The Mongol armies were one of the most feared and militarily ruthless forces ever to take the field of battle.

11. The Mongols Conquer Asia • Genghis Khan was not satisfied to rule only his fellow Mongolians. Remember the legacy of Kubal Khan? • Under his leadership the armies of Mongolia first conquered the other steppe nomads. As they did so, they became more powerful. • These conquered peoples paid the Mongols tributes, giving them increased wealth. They also provided thousands of soldiers to fight in the Mongolian armies.

12. In A.D. 1211 an army of over 100,000 horsemen invaded China. By A.D. 1270 all of China lay under the control of the Mongols. • The Mongols also conquered much of Russia, Islam, and many of the Slavic peoples. Their conquests were swift and brutal, often leaving thousands dead behind them.

13. The Mongol Empire • By the late A.D. 1200s the Mongols had conquered more territory than any other nation in history, either prior to that time, or since. The Mongol Empire stretched almost from sea to sea on the largest continent on Earth.

14. Organization • In contrast to most of their enemies, almost all Mongols were nomads and had experience in riding and managing horses from a very young age. • For example if a Khan was not fit for military command, the troops would be led by someone with more experience and victories an example being Subedei. • Genghis Khan refused to divide his troops into different units based on ethnicity, instead he mixed tribesmen from conquered groups, like the Tatars and Keraits, which fostered a sense of unity and loyalty by reducing the effects of the old tribal affiliations and preventing any one unit from developing a separate ethnic or national character.

15. The Mongol Empire • Because almost all of Asia was being ruled by a single government, there was great peace in the land. This peace led to prosperity and wealth. • However, the Mongol Empire was short lived. The massive size made it difficult to rule. Gradually local leaders became more powerful, while the Khans became less powerful. By A.D. 1300 the empire had divided into smaller independent states.

16. Besides killing … • Most Westerners accept the stereotype of the 13th-century Mongols as barbaric plunderers intent merely to maim, slaughter, and destroy. This perception, based on Persian, Chinese, Russian, and other accounts of the speed and ruthlessness with which the Mongols carved out the largest continuous land empire in world history, has shaped both Asian and Western images of the Mongols and of their earliest leader, Genghis Khan • While undoubtedly they were a terrifying force who killed many in battle, there is some evidence that they had a much greater cultural influence than previously admitted. It is also believed that the number of deaths directly attributed to them is highly questionable. • Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women . • Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Torogene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen.

17. What else do we know about them? – they encouraged travel • Perhaps most importantly, the Mongol empire inextricably linked Europe and Asia and ushered in an era of frequent and extended contacts between East and West. And once the Mongols had achieved relative stability and order in their newly acquired domains, they neither discouraged nor impeded relations with foreigners. Though they never abandoned their claims of universal rule, they were hospitable to foreign travellers, even those whose monarchs had not submitted to them. • The Mongols also helped and encouraged travel in the sizable section of Asia that was under their rule, permitting European merchants, craftsmen, and envoys to journey as far as China for the first time. Asian goods reached Europe along the caravan trails (earlier known as the "Silk Roads"), and the ensuing European demand for these products eventually inspired the search for a sea route to Asia.

18. What else do we know about them? They encouraged trade • The Mongols always favoured trade. Their nomadic way of life caused them to recognize the importance of trade from the very earliest times and, unlike the Chinese, they had a positive attitude toward merchants and commerce. • The Chinese professed to be disdainful of trade and merchants, whom they saw as parasites that did not produce anything. Mongols altered that attitude and in fact actively sought international trade. • The Mongols introduced paper money which made it easier for people to buy and sell from each other. They also built many roads which helped to promote trade — while also were used to help the Mongols to rule over China. • The Mongols established postal stations which occurred regularly along major routes and help food, horses and supplies, for the use of the those carried mail. But they were also used by travelling merchants. • Merchants were no longer taxed every time they crossed a border and were actively encourage to join Ortogh – merchant associations which banded together to finance trade caravans, so they they offered each other mutual protection from large loses if a caravan was lost.

19. What else do we know about them? They built and made things • The Mongols did not have their own craftsmen in traditional times because they migrated from place to place and could not carry with them the supplies needed by artisans. So they were dependent on the sedentary world for crafts, and they prized artisans highly. • For example, during Genghis Khan’s attack on Samarkand, he instructed his soldiers not to harm any craftsmen. Craftsmen throughout the Mongol domains were offered tax benefits and their products were highly prized by the Mongol elite. • The Mongol's extraordinary construction projects required the services of artisans, architects, and technocrats. • When Ögödei, Genghis Khan’s third son and heir, directed the building of the capital city at Khara Khorum, the first Mongol capital, or when Khubilai Khan directed the building of Shangdu his summer capital, as well as the building of the city Daidu (the modern city of Beijing), all required tremendous recruitment of foreign craftsmen and artisans.

20. What else do we know about them? They built and made things • The Mongols recruited artisans from all over the known world to travel to their domains in China and Persia. Three separate weaving communities, for example, were moved from Central Asia and Persia to China because they produced a specific kind of textile — a cloth of gold — which the Mongols cherished. • Apparently some Chinese painters — or perhaps their pattern books — were sent to Persia, where they had a tremendous impact on the development of Persian miniature paintings. • The dragon and phoenix motifs from China first appear in Persian art during the Mongol era. The representation of clouds, trees, and landscapes in Persian painting also owes a great deal to Chinese art — all due to the cultural transmission supported by the Mongols.

21. What else do we know about them? They interested in all sorts of ideas • The Mongols' receptiveness to foreigners was a critical factor in promoting cultural exchange and a truly "global" history. Their attitude of relative openness toward foreigners and foreign influence led to an extraordinary interchange of products, peoples, technology, and science throughout the Mongol domains. • So it is no accident that Marco Polo reached China during this era . And also no accident that Ibn Battuta, the great Islamic traveller from Morocco, also reached China during this time, and that Rabban Sauma, a Nestorian Christian from the area around Beijing, reached Europe and had audiences with the kings of England and France and the Pope.

22. What else do we know about them? They interested in all sorts of ideas • From the Mongol period on, then, we can speak about a Eurasian — if not a global — history, in which developments in one part of Europe would have an impact not only in Europe but also in Asia, with the same being true for Asia. • The Mongols in China also recognized that Islamic scholars had made great leaps in the studies of astronomy and medicine, and they invited many specialists in those fields to come to China. Among those to make the trip was the Persian astronomer Jamal Al-din, who helped the Chinese set up an observatory. Bringing with him many diagrams and advanced astronomical instruments from Persia, Jamal Al-din assisted the Chinese in developing a new, more accurate calendar. • The Mongols were also impressed by the Persians' advances in medicine. They recruited a number of Persian doctors to China to establish an Office for Muslim Medicine, and the result was even greater contact between West Asia and East Asia.

23. Timur Lenk • But by the late A.D. 1300s the empire that Genghis Khan had built was almost completely gone. The Mongol people had returned to their nomadic ways of life, living in tribes, and moving from location to location is search of hunting grounds. • Then in A.D. 1390 a new nomadic leader emerged. This leader, a man by the name of Timur Lenk, (or Tamerlane in English) again united the different nomadic tribes of the Asian Steppe under his authority.

24. Timur was a brutal and merciless warlord. Yet despite this brutality, he was able to establish a thriving empire, whose cities would be some of the wealthiest in the region. • After his death in 1405 Timur’s empire quickly began to decay, as the Ottoman Empire grew in strength, and influence in the region. • However a new Mogul Empire did arise. It did not cover so much ground, but it was more long lasting, still in part being in existence in 1800.

25. Homework • The Mongols have a bad reputation which arose, in part, because most of what we have recorded, came from the people they conquered. One of the rare occasion when ‘History is written by the victors’ did not apply! • But they did have some considerable achievements. Which do you think was the most important? Explain your point of view.