Literary Criticism Understanding

1. Literary CriticismUnderstanding 詮釋循環 Hermeneutical Circle Appreciation Understanding Analysis Application

2. 高階思考技能 HOTs 高階思考技能 學習成果：由基礎到高階 B. S. Bloom 分類學:1956–1999 出處

3. Literary CriticismUnderstanding …Producing Maps & & Social Network https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network

4. The Death of a Salesman (1949) An Introduction & Act I -- The Lowman Family & their American/Capitalist Dreams

5. Outline • Stage Directions • General Introduction • Arthur Miller • The American Dream • The development of capitalism • The play and its Style Quiz first!!!

6. Stage Direction –Symbolic of their dream and social conditions • Willy & The flute: "It is small and fine, telling of grass and trees and the horizon" • the house with "one-dimensional" roof-line vs. the angular shapes behind it –apartment buildings & skyscrapers representing over-population and power • Kitchen, refrigerator and 3 chairs – the center of life for this family • Elements of dream –silver trophy • The apron as backyard with or without wall-lines • the colors –blue sky (suggests desire for freedom), angry orange (of constraint and competition)

7. General Introduction --Arthur Miller • interested in father-son relationships, • critiques the American Dream; • his conflicted relationship with his uncle, Manny Newman, also a salesman. “Newman imagined a continuous competition between his son and Miller.” (source) • married Marilyn Monroe in 1956; they divorced in 1961 • Politically active; in support of Communist party during the time of red scare. • Another famous play, The Crucible 激情年代

8. General Introduction (2) American Dreams • Americans’ (or immigrants’) dream of success which “should be” easy and quick “as long as” you work hard (esp. material success and social climbing; e.g. The Great Gatsby) • Related concepts: • self-made man; • US as the New World promised by God (for early pilgrims); • freedom to expand (to go West and explore new frontiers). • Related signs of success: car, suburban house (with a backyard), furniture and machines

9. Post-War American Dream (in 1950’s) http://envisioningtheamericandream.com/

10. American Dreams Critiqued • Criticism: • contradictions between idealism and materialism • other factors of success ignored (luck, family background, toughness and even dirty-dealing) • hiding the reality of inequality. • Recent examples: • Dot-com boom • illegal immigrants (boat people) • “Now today that same American dream feels more pie-in-the sky than skies the limit.” (source)

11. American Dream Today Source: compared with Chinese Dream

12. General Introduction (3) Development of Capitalism (Industrial  Electronic/Media) • 19th century 20th century: social mobilityor the rise of the middle class and the fall of aristocracy (e.g. Pygmalion); • Mechanical Reproduction;  alienation of workers and then everyone (Salesman) • Improvement in the means of transportation and mass communication (“In the Station of a Metro”) • Abstraction of money and social values • Continuous Expansion of the capital the commercial world and increasing desire of the consumers (“A&P”) •  buying things on credit and mortgage (Salesman)

13. General Introduction (3) Development of Capitalism (Industrial  Electronic/Media) • buying things on credit (installment plan or mortgage) e.g. cars and houses • p. 1682 Act 1 (they owe 120 dollars by the 15th—fridge, carburetor, washing machine, roof) • p. 1700 Act 2 (fridge broken all the time, insurance premium, car, house mortgage) •  Willy's only relief is that after twenty-five years he has finally paid off his home mortgage

14. General Introduction (4) • Death of a Salesman (1949) –considered as the first great American tragedy. • Setting: New York City and Boston in the late 1940s • The places mentioned: New England, the West, Texas, Florida, Africa, Alaska. • Major Issues: • American Dream -- What are their dreams? Where do these dreams come from? And how are they broken? • Father-Son Relationships • Salesman “Lowman”– as a tragic hero? • Styles: Expressionism

15. American Dream & Fathers & Sons

16. General Themes

17. Relevance to you… Do you have relatives who hold an American dream? Do you have a parent or relative like Willy— who is old, fatigued and nostalgic, Who, being deprived, seeks to fulfill him/herself through one of his/her own kids, or who has a hard time adjusting to changes in society? 3. Are you worried about failing a course, disappointing your parents, not knowing what direction is good for you and wasting your time and talents?

18. Expressionism & Stage Direction • Miller once said that "Any dramatic form is an artifice, a way of transforming a subjective feeling into something that can be comprehended through public symbols." (Introduction to Collected Plays from the Viking version p. 156) • Pay attention to • the expressions of subjective feelings • Thru’ public symbols

19. Act I: Plot Summary • 1) Willy Loman & Linda(1669) : Willy returns to his New York home; expression of fatigue, d worries over Biff, thinks of red Chevy (1673); • 2) Biff and Happy (1674) talk about the past and their present problems, which ends with Biff’s decision to visit Bill Oliver, and ask the latter for a job. • 3) Willy Flashbacks:1) 18:24 • 1678 3-1) Willy talks to Biff and Happy when they were in high school; Biff is popular then, but he’s got problems (a. he steals; b. Bernard warns him that he may fail his math). Strong father-son bond. • 3-2) Willy and Linda discuss their financial problems (1681-82), which is followed by Willy’s expressions of diffidence, Linda’s confirmation, the appearance of a woman (1683), and then Bernard’s searching for Biff.

20. Act I: Plot Summary (2) • 4) 1685 The present: Happy & Charley  4-2 flashback Ben: Happy tries to comfort Willy first, and then Charley appears and plays cards with Willy, while Willy imagines talking to Ben. (1686-; 32:35) • 5) 1691 Mother & Sons: Ben gone; Willy goes to the bedroom; Linda reveals their financial difficulties to her sons; Linda suspects that Willy uses a tube to asphyxiate(使窒息) himself with gas. • 6) 1695 The four together, planning: Biff promises to stay and try again to work; as they talk, Willy comes in and the four of them talk about their plans, argue with each other while showing their love.

21. Discussion & Characters’ Confessions 1. G 10 the first stage direction and symbols  a) the characters Willy and Linda, b) the central theme of the play (e.g. "the fragile-seeming house," apartment buildings, the "one-dimensional" roof, the colors, the flute, etc.)? G3 What social conditions do the characters exist in? 2. G2 G9 Willy (past & present): How do I look at my job? Why do I talk to myself? What’s bothering me about Biff? Why do I think of Red Chevy? The Woman? Why Ben? 3. G 5 G6 Linda about Willy: What do I love about Willy,? How do I understand Willy? How do I respond to his failures? How do I look at my sons? • a. The first dialogue b/w Willy & Linda • b. (1681-82): financial problems and Willy’s difficulties • c. last 2 pieces of dialogue among the family members

22. Characters’ Confessions 4. G1 Biff and G4 Happy- -- How am I different from and similar to my brother in terms of my work and ideals? -- Why do I steal (things or women)? How do I try to succeed? How do I look at my parents?

23. 5. Overall Questions on Act I: the Characters’Dreams and Efforts • G 7 Parents & Children: Where does Willy get his dream? How is Willy’s dream different from and similar to Ben’s? And Happy’s and Biff’s? How do the parents, Willy and Linda, educate their sons? • G 8 Social Context: How do Charley and Bernard serve as foil to Willy and Biff?

24. Social Conditions • Settings: New York City and Boston in the late 1940s • The places mentioned: • New England (the East) – • the West, the South (Texas, Florida), Alaska, Africa –as “the last frontiers” of the US expansionism • Major Issues: • American Dream – -- of expansion westwards, to Alaska and then Africa -- of materialist success

25. Social Conditions: Capitalism (Industrialization & Installment Plan) • Cars and salesman • buying things on credit (installment plan or mortgage) e.g. cars and houses • they owe 120 dollars by the 15th—fridge, carburetor, washing machine, roof) • fridge broken all the time, insurance premium, car, house mortgage •  Willy's only relief is that after twenty-five years he has finally paid off his home mortgage

26. source

27. Stage: curtain, kitchen table

28. Stage: the invisible walls & spaces of memories Theatrical performance: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtA-BIQm-hs Photos by Mark Parrott and UNI Theatre Staff Photographer

29. Stage Direction –Symbolic of their dream and social conditions • the house with "one-dimensional" roof-line vs. the angular shapes behind it –apartment buildings & skyscrapers representing over-population and the power of upper classes & capitalism • Kitchen, refrigerator and 3 chairs – the center of life for this family • Elements of dream–silver trophy • Willy and the flute  “small and fine, telling of grass and trees and the horizon“ [1669, 1670, 1673, 1689] • Willy’s complaints about “this country”: overpopulation 1672 • The apron as backyard with or without wall-lines • the colors –blue sky (suggests desire for freedom), angry orange (of constraint and competition)

30. Willy –What’s bothering him? (1) • Exhausted, he drives a long way to do business. • Outdated – • Losing his mind, going to fast on the road. • Not well-treated by the young boss (Howard; 1648/14) • Refuses changes: cannot take American whipped cheese (1673) "How can they whip cheese?" • Not well-known anymore: business now is "all cut and dried, and there's no chance for bringing friendship to bear--or personality. […] They don’t know me anymore” (Act 1 1693)

31. Willy –What’s bothering him? • Contradictory views on Biff: 1672 • Upset by Biff’s being a farmhand, his not “finding [himself] at the age of 34.” • Thinks that Biff is lost, not lazy –“In the greatest country in the world a young man with such - personal attractiveness, gets lost.” • Thinks of Biff as a young god, Hercules 1699 • Nostalgic about the past • e.g. 1674 “What a simonizing job” • (flashbacks and more later) and his father (Act 2)  His mind wanders off, talks to himself –or to Biff. • One conflict between Willy and Biff (more in Act 2)—Biff calls him a fake

32. Linda –Supportive, perceptive and blind • Linda: “admires” Willy (1670); “iron repression of her exceptions to Willy’s behavior” • Serves Willy, normalizes the situations while she is actually worried about him (pp. 1670) • Gives suggestions – rest, work in New York; • Echoes what Willy says and sometimes get shut up when saying something else 1672 • speaks for Biff to Willy (1692-94; Act 2 1700-); for her children and tries to improve the father-son relationships

33. Linda –(2) blind and perceptive • Her speech(1692-94): • sees Willy’s emotional changes re. Biff without knowing why (68); • Well respected and loved by the two boys; • Defends Willy (1692)—love him or don’t come back. • Demands attention to and sympathy for Willy • Reveals his suicidal tendencies, finds it a shame • “a woman”–seems to suspect something without knowing it. (1694)

34. Similarities: lost, confused Nostalgic – old beds, “dreams and plans” Attractive to women when young; Still keeps empty dreams of success–about having a ranch; about getting married to a girl; about running a company “The Lowman Brothers”1676 without knowing how to do it. “Bill Oliver” as a possible rescuer  think big; The Lowman Line 1697 Happy – self-deceiving  seemingly more content; controls his bashfulness now.  seek revenge against his superiors by taking their women out. 1677 Biff – (now) wears a worn air; less successful; unhappy about being a clerk or a cowboy * 1674 (past) introduces Happy to women. Interested in handiwork or farm work (1675) “we don't belong in this nuthouse of a city!” Biff and Happy-(1650--) & Their Dreams & Efforts

35. Willy, Happy and Biff–similarities -- Willy missing the past and Biff/Happy talking about the past. -- Biff: we don’t belong here (1695). Happy -- defends Willy, ask Biff to talk to him, but he also admits Willy’s weaknesses 1698 Biff -- criticizes him 1694; Defending Linda 1697-98 Willy vs. Biff/Happy p. 1695- "There are no flashbacks in this play but only a mobile concurrency of past and present.. ." Arthur Miller

36. Willy Loman’s Dream, its Sources and Influences Dream – in His Son & Salesmanship Source: Ben and the Flute Influences: Biff and Happy

37. Dream (1): His Salesmanship—What is he proud of? • House – his craftsmanship: adding a hammock, work on the ceiling and the front stoop • His car and salesmanship –“well-liked” (popularity) – Charley and Bernard, liked, but not well-liked • Self-deceptive– • actually he is not making enough money (1682) • His sense of diffidence and guilt – 1682 • talks and jokes too much; like a walrus; has an affair.

38. Dream (1): His Son—What is he proud of? Biff – • polishes the car carefully; • Adores and is close to his father; • good at playing football; • adored by many boys and girls p. 1699 –”Like a young god. Hercules -- something like that. […] God Almighty, he'll be great yet. A star like that, magnificent, can never really fade away!” • Self-deceptive–Biff not getting anywhere, cheating in exams, stealing and being rough with girls.

39. Willy Loman’s Dream (2): Source –Ben (& Their Father) • Willy Ben: 1687- "There was a man started with the clothes on his back and ended up with diamond mines” Ben --"Why, boys, when I walked into the jungle, I was seventeen. When I walked out I was twenty-one. And, by God, I was rich“ "Never fight fair with a stranger, boy. You'll never get out of the jungle that way” Ben’s – imperialist capitalist (plundering in a foreign land) • Loman--"It's Brooklyn, I know, but we hunt too“ (1689) • Their Father  next slide

40. Willy Loman’s Dream (3) The Flute • "It is small and fine, telling of grass and trees and the horizon"  • Willy’s father 1688 • "great inventor" who would "stop in the towns and sell the flutes he'd made on the way." • "With one gadget," Ben tells Willy, "he made more in a week than a man like you could make in a lifetime" • Willy’s Father’s – in the age of mercantile capitalism: an untamed natural man and the westward-bound pioneer; the artisan, a great inventor, and a successful traveling merchant; he sold what he made. • Willy does not remember him except as an image. • Willy – industrial capitalism, where the role of traveling salesman gets less important.

41. -Ben, how should I teach them? Willy as a Father

42. Willy Loman’s Teaching (1) Jungle Spirit • His gift (1679) : a punching bag with Gene Tunney’s signature • Believes in names and reputation: • Biff expresses his hatred of the business world because "They've laughed at Dad for years (1671)... “. Willy responds in a characteristic manner: "Go to Filene's, go to the Hub, go to Slattery's, Boston. Call out the name Willy Loman and see what happens! Big shot!" (1672) • "That's just the spirit I want to embue them with! To walk into the jungle!" (1691) • Competitiveness • "Knocked 'em cold in Providence, slaughtered 'em in Boston" • His advice to Biff in asking Bill Oliver for a loan, Willy's advice is "Knock him dead, boy" (1689)

43. Willy Loman’s Teaching (2) • Permissive and not teaching them practical skills or the spirit of hard work: • congratulates Biff on his initiative for borrowing a regulation football to practice with • encourages the boys to steal sand from the apartment house so that he can rebuild the front stoop • advises his sons to be well liked and make a good appearance in order to get ahead in the world • Expects Bernard to give answers to Biff in exams; refuses to face Biff’s failures and problems. ( more later)

44. Willy’s Ways to Success (1) – • Human Connections --What he tells his son: “Be liked and you will never want.” • proper language and dress -- What is revealed in his talk to Linda about his weaknesses: • Words: A man oughta come in with a few words. (But not too many words—Willy himself talks too much.) • Appearance: I gotta overcome it. I know I gotta overcome it. I'm not dressing to advantage, maybe.

45. Willy’s Ways to Success – • Proper manners -- Act I, talking about how Biff should behaves in front of B. Oliver: • Be quiet, fine, and serious. Everybody likes a kidder, but nobody lends him money. • But remember, start big and you'll end up big. Ask for 15. (1673) • Start off with a couple of your good stories to lighten things up. It's not what you say, it's how you say it--because personality always wins the day. • success results from "who you know and the smile on your face! It's contacts ... being liked“ (Act 2)

46. Other examples of American Dream and its acquisitiveness • Happy: “[His] own apartment, a car and plenty of women” • Happy about his friend: • He's a good friend of mine, and he just built a terrific estate on Long Island. And he lived there about two months and sold it, and now he's building another one. He can't enjoy it once it's finished. And I know that's just what I would do. I don't know what the hell I'm workin' for. • I tell you ... I'm gonna take my camera, and my bandsaw, and all my hobbies, and out they go. This is the most fascinating relaxation I've ever found (Howard Act 2)

47. Willy/Biff vs. Charles/Bernard • Charles and Bernard -- Less athletic. • Bernard – Willy “What an anemic” • “Between him and his son Bernard they can’t hammer a nail!” • Charley—cannot handle tools •  “disgusting” to Willy. • Charley—more practical (matter-of-fact), slow and clumsy in words • says “Don’t get insulted” three times (more later) • “There’s no bone in heartburns.” ( Willy’s suggestions of vitamin is useless.) • “When a deposit bottle is broken, you don’t get the nickels back.” (referring to Biff)

48. Willy/Biff vs. Charley/Bernard • Bernard and Charley – • Both law-abiding: • Charley: Listen, if that watchman . . . • Willy: I gave them[the watchmen] hell, understand. But I got a couple of fearless characters there. • Charley: Willy, the jails are full of fearless characters. • Barnard: The watchman’s chasing Biff! • Shut up! He’s not stealing anything! • both loyal to their friends • “Pity” in whatever he says; • Charley –plays cards with Willy to help him relax; (Act 2) lends money to Willy • Bernard – keeps asking Biff to study math with him; helps Biff pass the exams by cheating.

49. End of Act I: High Hope and Inherent Problems • Hope – Willy is going to Howard, and Biff, to Ben Oliver, in order to change their lives. • Inherent Problems: • In Biff – he steals • In Willy– his malfunctioned mind, his high hope for Biff and reality (the rubber tube and a job without salary) • between Biff and Willy • Biff defends his mother (Your hair got so gray); (Don’t yell at her, will ya) • Against Willy “I know he’s a fake and he doesn’t like anybody around who knows” • Something Linda is not aware of (“Willy dear, what has he got against you?” )

50. Willy’s Preoccupations --Summary • Past family life: • Remember those two beautiful elm trees out there? • What a simonizing job! • eighty thousand miles • Past possession: • Red Chevvy • Present Changes: • How can they whip cheese?