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Influence of Public Key Cryptography on Wireless Sensor Node Lifetime

This study examines the impact of public key cryptography (PKC) on the lifetime of wireless sensor nodes. The power consumed by PKC operations and transmission, as well as available energy, are evaluated. The results highlight the importance of choosing the right sensor node architecture to maximize lifetime.

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Influence of Public Key Cryptography on Wireless Sensor Node Lifetime

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  1. How Public Key Cryptography Influences Wireless Sensor Node Lifetime Krzysztof Piotrowski, Peter Langendörfer, Steffen Peter

  2. Outline • Motivation • The Sensor Nodes • The Estimations • Crypto operations • Transmission • Available Energy • Lifetime • Conclusions

  3. Motivation • Public Key Cryptography is said to be to too expensive for WSN • Is the influence of PKC to the lifetime of a sensor node critical? • Power consumed • Available power • Identification of the most effective sensor node architecture on the market or design of own solution

  4. The sensor nodes • Tmote Sky • MSP430F1611, fclk < 8 MHz, CC2420 2.4 GHz radio • MICA2 • ATMega128L, fclk < 7.37 MHz, CC1000 433/868 MHz radio • MICAz • ATMega128L, fclk < 7.37 MHz, CC2420 2.4 GHz radio • MICA2Dot • ATMega128L, fclk < 4 MHz, CC1000 433/868 MHz radio

  5. The sensor nodes, power consumption (Vcc = 3V) According to the documentation of each µController: • Tmote Sky • MSP430F1611 at fclk = 8MHz  12 mW • MICA2, MICAz • ATMega128L at fclk = 7.37 MHz  30 mW • MICA2Dot • ATMega128L at fclk = 4 MHz  16.5 mW

  6. The sensor nodes, power consumption (Vcc = 3V) According to the documentation of each transceiver chip: • Tmote Sky, MICAz (250 kbit/s) • CC2420, 2.4 GHz TX at 0 dBm  52.2 mW (0.209 µJ/bit) • RX  56.4 mW (0.226 µJ/bit) • MICA2, MICA2Dot (38.4 kbit/s) • CC1000, 433 MHz TX at 0 dBm  31.2 mW (0.812 µJ/bit) • RX  22.2 mW (0.578 µJ/bit) • CC1000, 868 MHz at 0 dBm  49.5 mW (1.290 µJ/bit) • RX  28.8 mW (0.750 µJ/bit)

  7. PKC – Power consumption (calculations) Estimation based on the results from [1] and [2]: Tmote Sky: (generation / verification) RSA-1024 Signature  68.97 mJ / 2.70 mJ (5.66s / 0.22s) ECC-160 Signature  6.26 mJ / 12.41 mJ (0.51s / 1.02s) MICA2 / MICAz: RSA-1024 Signature  359.87 mJ / 14.05 mJ (12.04s / 0.47s) ECC-160 Signature  26.96 mJ / 53.42 mJ (0.89s / 1.77s) MICA2Dot: RSA-1024 Signature  363.50 mJ / 14.19 mJ (22.03s / 0.86s) ECC-160 Signature  27.23 mJ / 53.96 mJ (1.65s / 3.27s) [1] Arvinderpal S. Wander, Nils Gura, Hans Eberle, Vipul Gupta, and Sheueling Chang Shantz „Energy analysis of public-key cryptography for wireless sensor networks. [2] Vipul Gupta, Matthew Millard, Stephen Fung, Yu Zhu, Nils Gura, Hans Eberle, and Sheueling Chang Shantz „Sizzle: A standards-based end-to-end security architecture for the embedded internet“

  8. PKC – Power consumption (transmission) Estimation based on the results from radio chips‘ documentations: Tmote Sky / MICAz: RX / TX at 0dBm RSA-1024 Signature  231.42 µJ / 214.01 µJ ECC-160 Signature  72.32 µJ / 66.88 µJ MICA2 / MICA2Dot (433 MHz): RX / TX at 0dBm RSA-1024 Signature  591.87 µJ / 831.49 µJ ECC-160 Signature  184.96 µJ / 259.84 µJ MICA2 / MICA2Dot (868 MHz): RX / TX at 0dBm RSA-1024 Signature  768.00 µJ / 1320.96 µJ ECC-160 Signature  240.00 µJ / 412.80 µJ Even with the protocol overhead: transmission << computations

  9. The energy source Requirement: Vcc > 2.8V Tmote Sky / MICAz / MICA2: Two AA cells (2500 mAh  21600 J) Only ~ 31.25% useful 6750 J Picture taken from the datasheet for DURACELL ULTRA Digital AA battery

  10. The energy source, cont. Requirement: Vcc > 2.8V MICA2Dot: CR2354 coin cell (560 mAh  5500 J) ~ 80% of the rated capacity useful 4400 J Picture taken from the datasheet for Panasonic CR2354 Lithium Battery

  11. The lifetime • Amount of operations with the available energy: • The lifetime (signature generation with ECC160):

  12. Conclusions • Public Key Crypto suitable for WSN if used „with care“ • If the amount of needed PKC operations grows: • Hardware accelerators, or • More powerful µC (e.g., low power ARM based) • Waste of power source energy: • ATMega128L requires Vcc > 2.7 V  • MSP430 allows Vcc > 1.8 V  (lifetime x ~2) • no flash writes to internal flash possible, and • reduced max fclk (~ 4MHz) • DC/DC voltage pumps • efficiency issues, but • allows rechargeable AA cells (1.2 V), and • combined with charging (solar, termal, etc.) extends the lifetime further

  13. The End  Thank You for Your Attention!

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