Learning

1. Learning How we learn Associative and Social

2. How we Learn • Associative Learning • Classical – Learn associations between 2 different stimuli • Operant – Learning associations between behaviors and consequences

3. Classical Conditioning • Neutral Stimulus (NS) • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Conditioned Response (CR) • Bell • Will not make a dog salivate alone • Food • Salivation • Bell • Associated with food, now makes dog salivate • Salivation

4. Classical Conditioning • Stimuli triggers an involuntary BIOLOGICAL response • What are some example you came up with?? • Write down the US, UR, CS and CR for this story. • A man falls in love with a woman. She begins always wearing a vanilla scented perfume. Every time he is around her, he becomes overwhelmed with feelings of attraction and love. After a couple of years, the two break up. Now, every time the man smells vanilla, he becomes amorous.

5. Learning • How is this learning? • Example: • Video •  Psychologists refer to learning as a “relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience” • Learning by association • Extinction • unlearning response to stimulus • Generalization • attaching a learned response to a similar stimuli

6. Operant conditioning Another way that we LEARN!!

7. Operant conditioning • Learning that involves a system of rewards and punishments for behavior. • Where have you heard these terms before…a paradigm maybe?? • Based off of a system of reinforcements and Punishments • Reinforcements: Positive and Negative • The stimulus follows a behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

8. Reinforcement • Positive • Receiving a reward for behavior • Learn to associate behavior with rewards • Video • Negative • removal or prevention of an unfavorable event or outcome after the display of a behavior • Do not confuse with punishment!! • What are some examples of this?

9. Negative reinforcement • Walking with a stone in your shoe…causes you pain…removing the stone, relieves the pain. • Putting on sunscreen before going to the beach. • Escape conditioning • Avoidance conditioning

10. Social Learning • The idea that people can learn through observation in a social context. • Internal mental states are an essential part of this process. • Recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behavior. • Bobo doll experiment • Internal rewards, such as pride and feelings of accomplishment • We are able to learn new behavior without demonstrating new behavior.

11. Social learning • Modeling • Not all behaviors are effectively learned • Steps must be followed in order to learn • Attention – you must first pay attention!! • Retention – You must be able to retain the information! Be able to store the info and pull it out later. • Reproduction - Once info is retained, then you can begin to perform the behavior…and “practice makes perfect” • Motivation – You must find the desire to retain and reproduce behavior. Rewards and Punishments help with motivation!

12. Social Learning • Observational Learning • Watching someone and being able to imitate it • Disinhibition • Watching bad behavior go unpunished increases chances of engaging in that behavior • What are some examples of social learning? • Commercials! • Clapping when everyone else does. • Looking up at a building if others are. • You can experiment with this concept to see if it works!

13. Last minute items… • Punishments must be severe, immediate and consistent—if not, behavior hardly changes • Produce unwanted side effects (aggression, depression) • Learned avoidance—stay away from punisher • Video game violence • Think of what stages children (and some adults with developmental disabilities or psychological disorders) are in cognitively and morally. Does this affect influence of game??