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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Tobacco and Caffeine: Daily Pleasures, Daily Challenges. Objectives. Discuss social issues involved in tobacco use, including advertising and medical costs. Explain how chemicals in tobacco affect a smoker.

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 Tobacco and Caffeine:Daily Pleasures, Daily Challenges

  2. Objectives • Discuss social issues involved in tobacco use, including advertising and medical costs. • Explain how chemicals in tobacco affect a smoker. • Review how smoking affects the risk for cancer; cardiovascular disease; respiratory disease and a fetus’s health. • Discuss the risks associated with smokeless tobacco. • Evaluate the risks to nonsmokers associated with environmental tobacco smoke. • Discuss the role of politics in regulating tobacco products. • Describe strategies people adopt to quit using tobacco products. • Compare the benefits and risks associated with caffeine.

  3. Our Smoking Society • 438,000 Americans die annually from tobacco-related diseases • Currently, 23 percent of teenagers smoke • 3,000 teens under the age of 18 becomes smokers each day • 6,000 teens smoke there first cigarette each day

  4. Annual Deaths Attributable to Smoking in the United States Figure 13.1

  5. Cigarette Smoking By Grade Level Figure 13.2

  6. Tobacco And Social Issues • Advertising – tobacco industry spends large amounts of money to keep smokers, and to find new smokers • Financial costs to society – The cost of tobacco product use in terms of lost productivity and lost lives

  7. College Students And Smoking • Smoking among college students increased by 32 percent between 1991 and 1999 • Researchers found that greater than 60 percent of college students used some form of tobacco product

  8. Percentage of Population That Smokes (age 18 and older) among Select Groups in the United States Table 13.1

  9. ABC News: Tobacco Play Video | Tobacco

  10. ABC News: Tobacco Discussion Questions: • Why do you think that the federal government heavily regulates nicotine replacement products but not the delivery of cigarettes? • Why does Phillip Morris want to have the federal government regulate their tobacco products?

  11. Tobacco And Its Effects • Nicotine – chemical stimulant • Smoke contains 4,700 chemical substances • Tar – condensed particulate matter from smoke that accumulates in the lungs • Phenols – chemical irritant in smoke that may combine with other chemicals to contribute to the development of lung cancer • Cilia – nicotine impairs the cleansing function of cilia • Carbon monoxide – tobacco smoke contains 800 times the level considered safe by the U.S.E.P.A.

  12. What’s in Cigarette Smoke? Table 13.2

  13. Tobacco Products • Cigarettes • Clove cigarettes – 40% ground cloves, 60% tobacco • Cigars – contains 23 poisons, 43 carcinogens • Bidis – small hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes, contain 3 times more CO and nicotine, and 5 times more tar than cigarettes • Smokeless tobacco • Chewing tobacco • Dipping tobacco • Snuff

  14. Physiological Effects Of Nicotine • Nicotine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant • Nicotine increases heart and respiratory rates, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure • Nicotine decreases blood sugar levels and the stomach constrictions that signal hunger • Nicotine poisoning symptoms: • Dizziness • Lightheadedness • Rapid and erratic pulse • Nausea

  15. Tobacco Addiction • Pairings – environmental cue that triggers a craving for nicotine • Paired associations include: having a cup of coffee with a cigarette • Genetic predisposition

  16. Health Hazards Of Smoking • Cancer • Cardiovascular disease • Platelet adhesiveness • Stroke • Respiratory disorders • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema • Sexual dysfunction • Gum disease

  17. How Cigarette Smoking Damages the Lungs Figure 13.3

  18. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) • Mainstream – smoke drawn through tobacco while inhaling • Sidestream – smoke from the burning end of a cigarette or exhaled by a smoker • Involuntary or passive smokers – breath smoke from someone else’s smoking product • 9 out 10 nonsmoking Americans are exposed to ETS

  19. Risks From ETS • Sidestream smoke contains more carcinogenic substances • Sidestream smoke has 2 times more tar and nicotine, 5 times more carbon monoxide, 50 times more ammonia • ETS is responsible for 3,000 lung cancer deaths, 35,000 CVD deaths, 13,000 deaths from other cancers

  20. Protecting Yourself and Others from Secondhand Smoke Table 13.3

  21. Tobacco And Politics • Its been 40 years since the government began warning that tobacco use was hazardous to the health of the nation • 1998 Master’s Settlement Agreement • Tobacco industry to pay states $206 billion over 25 years • Pay $1.5 billion over 10 years to support antismoking measures • $250 million to study ways to stop kids from smoking • No billboard advertising • Prevent youth access to “branded” merchandise • Ban on using cartoon characters in advertising • Do not market cigarettes to children • Do not misrepresent the health effects of cigarettes

  22. Quitting • Breaking the nicotine addiction • Withdrawal • Nicotine replacement products • Nicotine gum • Nicotine patch • Nasal spray • Nicotine inhaler • Zyban

  23. Breaking The Habit • Operant conditioning – pairs smoking with a stimulus, after time the stimulus is removed and the smoker quits • Self-control therapy – smoking is a learned habit associated with certain situations. Therapy is aimed at identifying the situations and teaching the skills necessary to resist smoking

  24. Recommended Therapies for Smoking Cessation Table 13.4

  25. Benefits Of Quitting • Many tissues damaged by smoking can repair themselves in the absence of smoke • Airways are cleared of mucous • Circulation improves • Senses of taste and smell are restored • At the end of 10 smoke-free years, the ex-smoker can expect to live a normal life span

  26. When Smokers Quit Figure 13.4

  27. Caffeine • Drug derived from chemical family xanthines • Mild CNS stimulants • Side effects include: wakefulness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, and mild delirium

  28. Caffeine Content of Various Products Table 13.5

  29. Caffeine Addiction • Caffeinism – syndrome of “coffee nerves” resulting from the habit forming use of caffeine products to avoid feeling mentally or physically depressed, exhausted, and weak • Because caffeine meets the requirements for addiction – tolerance, psychological dependency, and withdrawal symptoms – it can be classified as addictive

  30. The Health Consequences Of Long-Term Caffeine Use • Linked to health problems ranging from hearth disease and cancer to mental dysfunction and birth defects • Irritates stomach lining • Harmful to people with ulcers • Patients with mammillary cysts should avoid caffeine • Pregnant women should limit caffeine

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