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Metabolic bone disease

Metabolic bone disease. Biochemistry. PTH Vitamin D Calcitonin. Hypercalcemic states. Causes Hyperparathyroidism : presentations symptoms “ stones,bones,abdominal groans&psychic moans ” Impact on bones : osteporosis

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Metabolic bone disease

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  1. Metabolic bone disease

  2. Biochemistry • PTH • Vitamin D • Calcitonin

  3. Hypercalcemic states • Causes • Hyperparathyroidism : presentations symptoms “stones,bones,abdominalgroans&psychic moans” Impact on bones : osteporosis Impact on kidney : renal stones Non-specific features : sometimes asymptomatic Diagnosis Treatment

  4. Primary hyperparathyroidism • Calcium is high • Phosphorus is low • PTH is high

  5. Other hypercalcemic states • Sarcoidosis • Thyrotoxicosis • Adrenal insufficiency • Thiazides • Hypervitaminosis D&A • Immobilization • MALIGNANCY

  6. Treatment of hypercalcemia • Remove cause • Hydration • Calcitonin\bisphosphnates • Steroids • In primary hyperparathyroidism : removal of the adenoma.

  7. Hypocalcemia • Causes : hypoparathyroidism , surgical , hypomagnesimia • Pseudohypoparathyroidism : type 1A autosomal dominant . Resistance to PTH+ somatic features. Type 1B : isolated resistance • Clinical presentations : acute vs chronic. • Eye , CNS ( EXTRAPYRAMIDAL),CARDIAC • Treatment

  8. Hypoparathyroidism • Low calcium • High phosphorus • Cause : surgical • auto immune • severe vitamin D deficiency

  9. Clinical presentation • Numbness • If severe hypocalcemia : tetany • Trosseau sign • Chovstek sign

  10. Treatment of hypocalcemia • Calcium and vitamin D supplements • If severe with tetany : give 10 cc of 10% calcium gluconate slowly ( careful in patients on digoxin )

  11. Osteoporosis DEFINITION DIFFERNTIATIING OSTEOPOROSIS FROM OSTEOMALACIA CAUSES DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION TREATMENT

  12. DEFINITION OF OSTEOPOROSIS • Low bone mass with micrarctictural disruption resulting in fracture from minimal trauma.

  13. Causes of osteoporosis • Menopause • Old age • Calcium and vitamin D deficiency • Estrogen deficiency • Use of steroids

  14. Diagnosis of osteoporosis • Plain x-ray : not very sensitive • Dual-energy x-ray absoptiometry ( DXA) measuring bone minaeral density (BMD) and comparing it to BMD of a healthy woman • More than -2.5 SD below average : osteoporosis

  15. Treatment of osteoporosis • Prevention • Public awareness • Adequate calcium and vitamin D supplements • Bisphphosnates : reducing bone breakdown

  16. Steroid induced osteoporosis • Major impact on ? : axial bone

  17. Effects • Steroids for several days causes bone loss more on axial bones ( 40 %) than on peripheral bones ( 20%). • Muscle weakness • Prednisolone more than 5 mg /day for long time

  18. Mechanisms • Renal Ca loss • Inhibition of intestinal Ca absorption • In animals : increase osteoclast and inhibition of osteoblast activity • Suppression of gonadotropin secretion ( high dose)

  19. Management • Use smallest possible dose • Shortest possible duration • Physical activity • Calcium and vitamin D • Pharmacologic treatment: bisphosphontaes , ? PTH

  20. Osteomalacia

  21. Definition of osteomalacia • Reduced mineralization of bone • Rickets occurs in growing bone

  22. Causes of osteomalacia

  23. Vitamin D deficoency • Ca deficiency • Phosphate deficiency • Liver disease • Renal disease • Malabsorption • Hereditary forms • ( intestinal and gastric surgery) • drugs

  24. Clinical presentation

  25. Bony aches and pains • Muscle weakness

  26. LAB.

  27. Low serum vitamin D • High PTH • High serum alkaline phosphatase

  28. lab Ca level Po4 level Alk phosph PTH Vitamin D level

  29. Radiology • X-ray: growing bones vs mature bones. Subperiosteal resorption , looser”s zones ( pathognomonic). • Bone scan

  30. Treatment of osteomalacia

  31. Calcium and vitamin D supplements • Sun exposure • Results of treatment is usually very good.

  32. Paget’s disease of bone

  33. Clinical presentation

  34. Two thirds of patients are asymptomatic • Incidental radiological finding • Unexplained high alk phosph • Large skull,frontal bossing,bowing of legs, deafness,erythema, bony tenderness • Fracture tendency: verteberal crush fractures , tibia or femur. Healing is rapid.

  35. LAB. in Paget’s disease • High alk phosph • High urinary hydroxyproline • High osteocalcin • Bone profile : normal • Nuclear scanning • X ray : areas of osteosclerosis mixed with osteolutic lesions

  36. Complications • Sensory deafness • Spinal stenosis • Osteoarthritis & gout • Osteosarcoma • Hypercalcemia( immobilization) • urolithiasis

  37. Treatment of Paget’s disease • Calcitonon • Bisphphosphonates • Plicamycin( rarely used)

  38. Renal Osteodystrophy • pathogenesis • Clinical presentations: Osteitis fibrosa Osteomalacia Low serum calcium High phosphorus High alkaline phosph High PTH 2ry →3ry hyperparathyroidism( hypercalcemia)

  39. How is vitamin D carried in blood ?

  40. What is VDR ? • Clinical applications ? • Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2 ( lack of functioning VDR. 1,25 (OH)2 D3 IS VERY HIGH.

  41. Extrarenal production of 1,25 (OH)2 D3 • Macrophages : cause of hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis , lymphoma and other granulomatous disease ( regulated by cytokines &TNF).

  42. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia • Autosomal dominant • Hypercalcemia : mild ,with mild hypophosphatemia • PTH : normal or slightly elevated • Hypocalciurea • Receptor problem • Avoid surgery

  43. Mechanisms

  44. Management

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