Introduction to Rome “Mos Maiorum”

1. Introduction to Rome“Mos Maiorum”

2. Outline • Pre-history • Until 753 BC • Monarchy • 753- 509 BC • Republic • 509- 27 BC • Empire • 27 BC-476 BC

3. Review map and regions • Read Etruscan paper and graphic organizer • Discuss/ review geography and DBQ

4. Fill in the map with the correct label and color for the correct people groups in Italy: • Etruria • Umbria • Latium • Campania • Cis Alpine Gaul • Magna Graecia

5. Mythological and Historical: The Monarchy • Trojan War connection • Founding of Rome 753 • Romulus 753-716 BC • Asylum for criminals and debtors • Rape of the Sabine Women • Compromise reached but Romulus handed out land unfairly • Titus Tatius marches • Tarpeian Rock • Romulus wins-builds Temple to Jupiter Stator • Joint rule for 5 years • 400 senators • Matronalia and Carmens and Lupercalia • Vestal Virgins

6. Romulus Cont’d 753-716 BC • Achievements of the reign of Romulus • Sabine influence • 400 senators • Matronalia and Carmens and Lupercalia • Vestal Virgins • 12 lictors • Toga praetexta • Pomerium • Senate • Patricians and Client-Patron System • Three tribes (Latin, Sabine, Etruscan names) and 10 Curiae each • Jupiter Stator Temple • Quirites-new name for Roman Citizens

7. Numa Pomilius 714-673 BC • Numa Pomilius • Sabine King • Born April 21st • Lived in retirement in the country after the passing of his father and wife • Refused to be king as he was too peaceful • Talked with Egeria • Pax deorum • Achievements • Iconoclast • Sacrifices of agriculture • Created the Pontifices • Built the Regia (Temple of Vesta, domus Publica and house of the kings and seat of the Pontifex Maximus) • Priesthoods (Flamines) • Jupiter (flamen Dialis), Mars, Flamen Quirinalis • Salii • Rules for Vestal Virgins and increased from 2 to 4 • Public rituals • Temple of Janus • 12 month lunar calendar • Fas and nefas

8. Tullus Hostilius 673-642 BC • More warlike than Romulus • War with Alba Longa • Both participated in border raids • Alba Longa controlled Latin League • Mettius Fufetius-ruler of Alba Longa • Story of the Horatii and the Curiatii • Mettius Fufetius refused to aid the Romans and was quartered • Citizens of Alba Longa incorporated into Rome • Achievements • Created the Curia or Senate House

9. Ancus Marcius 642-617 BC • Grandson of Numa • Brought war upon the Latins for seeing him as weak • Achievements • Procedure for declaring a just war • First Roman colony at Ostia (salt pans) • Carcer • Fortified the Janiculum • Built the Pons Sublicius to connect the Janiculum and Palatine to communicate with soldiers

10. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the elder) 616-579 BC • Original name-Lucumo • Greek from Etruscan Tarquinii • Good friends with Ancus Marcius • “Honest man” who gains the throne • Achievements • Tradition of Ludi or Roman games begins • Builds the Circus maximus • Ludi • Temple to Jupiter on Capitoline • Begins to drains forum • tires to build walls around city • Sibyl books • 300 in Senate • Adopts Servius Tullius • Two assassins of the son of Ancus Marcius kill him

11. Servius Tullius 575-535 BC • Name means servant • Marries daughter, Tarquinia, of Tarquin the Elder • Has two daughters, Tullia Major and Tullia Minor • 5 classes based on wealth • Use to form comitia centuriata • Census • 30 tribes • Servian Wall • Added the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills to the city. This made 7 total • Murdered by his daughter Tullia Minor and her brother-in-law Tarquinius

12. Fall of the Monarchs • Tarquin Superbus (the Proud) • Cloaca Maxima • Temple to Jupiter on the Capitoline • The End • Rape of Lucretia • Tarquin fled to Etruria to ally with King of Clusium • Battle with Lars Porsenna • Legend of Horatius • Porsenna tries to enter by the Pons Sublicus • Lays siege to the citadel • Legend of Gaius Mucius aka Scaevola • Legend of Cloelia

13. The Benefits of the Etruscans • Toga picta • Fasces (imperium) • Musical Instruments • Political and military reforms via the “kings” • Religious reforms • Haruspices • Women at dinner parties • Building projects • arch/dome • Tile roofs • Minerva-similar to Athena • Trade: metal-working, ceramics, carpentry

14. Temple of concord

16. New Constitution • Res publica (matters of the public) • Two Consuls and a dictator • Executive magistrates • Only open to patricians until 367 BC • Office of King prohibited • Pontifex Maximus created (was the king’s job before)

17. The Conflict of the Orders: Patricians vs. Plebeians • Upper Class/Patricians • Originated from religious officiants • 130 families • Dominated religious life and priestly offices • Senatorial Class • Wealthy land owners • Equites • Majority of Patricians • Participated in trade • Plebeians (Middle Class) • Anyone not a Patrician • Backbone of Rome • Fight in military • Lower Class • Proletariat • Freedmen • Patron-client relationship • Patron • Helped in finances, legal and business problems • Represent a client in court or provide a jurist to do this • Provide breakfast every day for his clients • Help get a client started on a political career • Served to strengthen the power of the nobles. • Client • Many would be former slaves- freedmen • Provided campaign money, legal money, ransom money if kidnapped, bail out money • Accompany his patron to the forum

18. Conflict of the Orders: Causes • Political • Patricians took political jobs • Weren’t paid jobs • Patrons bribed clients to vote • Be in Rome to vote • Economic • Recession and debts due to: • Wars disrupted farming and destroyed land • Plebs going into debt because they can’t farm or are away from their farm • Sold into debt slavery or even death • No pay for military service • Shortage of farmland • High-interest rates • Lack of war profits • Solution • Succession • Patron-client relationship

22. Plebs gain ground: Strikes, assemblies, and one law to rule them all • Organized secessions • Created tribunes (tribuni plebis)494 BC • Protect common people from abuses of power • Intercessio • Sacrosanct • Prevent arbitrary arrests • Formed Concilium Plebis Tributum • Recognized in 471 BC

23. Plebeian Gains • Decemvirate 451-449 BC • Twelve Tables 449 BC • Civil and Criminal Law • Basis of ius civile but situational cases • Legal Procedure • Fundamental Text into the Middle Ages • Civil Rights • Rights of families • Rights of women • Trials prior to execution • Trade protection • Regulations on burial • Slave laws • Debt laws • Property Rights • Laws for willful or accidental destruction of property • Trinoctium laws involving women’s property • Laws against defrauding clients • Advancements in Law • Kept patricians from acting unjustly • Tribunes became sacrosanct • Intercessio • After vetoing too many laws, the plebs allowed Military Tribunes with Counselor Powers • 3-5 and the first in 400 BC • Provides military and religious leadership • Aediles became assistants • Unjust Laws remained • Consuls last word over military conscription • Patricians had secret legal jargon • Banned intermarriage • Intermarriage ban overturned in 445 BC • Wealthy plebs could promote pleb causes in govn’t • Patricians married plebs with money • New class called Nobiles • Novus homo • Those who gain the consulship without any ancestors in Senatorial Rank

24. Plebeian Advances Continued • 367 BC Leges Liciniae Sexitae • One of the consuls had to be plebeian but would only be standard after 342 • Praetorship was created • Novus homo • 287 BC Lex Hortensia • Plebiscite recognized as having the force of law and binding on all Romans • Didn’t require Senate’s sanction • 149 BC Tribunes able to become Senators

26. Cursus Honorum • Res Publica • SPQR • Goal: consul or praetor • Only Patricians until 337 BC • Began as a quaestor • Imperium: authority in civil and religious matters • Sella curulis: chair used by consuls, praetors, and curule aediles

27. Cursus Honorum • Quaestors • Financial matters • State revenues, payments • Assigned to a praetor or consul in war • 80 BC could become a Senator • Age 30 • Aediles • Subordinates of the tribunes • Maintained public roads and works • Weights and measures • Cura annonae • Supply games and entertainment • Praetor • Administered justice and commanded armies • 8 total; age 39 • Junior colleagues of the consuls • 6 lictors • Sella curulis • Elected by the comitia centuriata • Had to wait three years before becoming a consul

28. Cursus Honorum • Consuls • Powers • Head of state, commanded the army, and led in civil and political matters • Propose laws, Veto power, imperium, made treaties • 12 lictors and the sella curulis • Limitations • Only patricians until 337 BC, convened the Senate and assemblies • Elected by Comitia Centuriata • Limited to one year • Veto by tribunes • Sought advice of the Senate • Minimum age was 42 • Dictator (magister populi) • 6 month term or until crisis ended • 24 lictors • Represent both consuls • Subject to veto after 300 BC • Senate recommends a dictator and Consuls nominate • Censor • Elected every years for an 18 month term every 5 years • Took a “census” and counted the wealth • No imperium • Performed lustrum and in charge of morals • Lex Orchia • Lictors • Carried the fasces

29. Senators/Senate • Former magistrates for a lifetime • Unless a censor exiles or he fails to maintain the right amount of property • Composition • Chosen by the consuls (later the censors) from the ranks of the magistrates • Former praetors (recommended by a current consul or dictator) • Chaired by the consul on alternate months-specific order of discussion • Eventually wealthy plebs and equestrians • Powers • Advisory body on military, legal, political, foreign, domestic, and religious matters • Constulta and auctoritas • Vetoes laws by popular assemblies but that eventually lapsed • Determined expenditures and tribute rates • Solved diplomatic disputes • Approved laws passed in popular assemblies • Approved treaties • Appointed governor to provinces • Possessed martial law

30. The Assemblies • Senate • Established under Romulus as an advisory body • Approve laws, treaties, appoint governors • Comitia Curiata (Assembly of Divisions) • Used only during monarchy • Based on 3 tribes (or curiae) of patricians • Ratify king • Comitia Centuriata (Assembly of Centuries) • Attributed to Servius Tullius and arranged by wealth • 6 Classes divided into centuries of 100 people & each cen. got one vote • Wealthier centuries/classes voted first…plebs rarely got a vote • Elected censors, consuls, praetors • Enacted laws; declared war and peace

31. Assemblies continued • Comitia Tributa (Tribal Assembly) • Major assembly and arranged by tribes (30-35 tribes ) • Included both patricians and plebs • Elected quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes • Enacted laws and held minor trials • Concilium Plebis Tributum (Tribal Council of the Plebeians) • Elected tribunes, plebeian aediles, and created plebiscites • Recognized in 471 BC and tribunes became sacrosanct in 445 BC • Convene the Senate, disrupt magistrate elections, stop troops, use veto, and suspend the Senate • In 367 BC, plebs admitted to consulship- first one in 337 BC • In 287 BC, plebiscites became laws thus ending the Struggle of the Orders

32. Culture • Calendar: • March, April, May, June, Quintilias, Sextilis, September, October, Novermber, December • Troops sent out on campaign in March • Kalends the first day of the month • Nones on the 7th • Ides on the 13th or the 15th