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Airframe Systems and Fuel Contamination - Warm-Up Questions answered

This text provides answers to warm-up questions about airframe systems and fuel contamination in small aircraft. It covers the systems that make up an airframe, the two common classifications of fuel systems, the purpose of the boost or auxiliary fuel pump, the purpose of venting fuel tanks to the outside, and the causes of accidents attributed to fuel contamination.

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Airframe Systems and Fuel Contamination - Warm-Up Questions answered

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  1. Warm-Up – 3/6 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the systems that make up an airframe system? • What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft? • What is the purpose of the “boost” or auxiliary fuel pump? • What is the purpose of venting fuel tanks to the outside? • What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination ?

  2. Questions / Comments

  3. Warm-Up – 3/6 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the systems that make up an airframe system? • What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft? • What is the purpose of the “boost” or auxiliary fuel pump? • What is the purpose of venting fuel tanks to the outside? • What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination ?

  4. Airframe SystemsFuel Systems • Fuel, electrical, hydraulic, and oxygen systems make up the airframe systems.

  5. Warm-Up – 3/6 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the systems that make up an airframe system? • What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft? • What is the purpose of the “boost” or auxiliary fuel pump? • What is the purpose of venting fuel tanks to the outside? • What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination ?

  6. Airframe SystemsFuel Systems • Two common classifications apply to fuel systems in small aircraft: • Gravity-feed • Fuel-pump systems.

  7. Warm-Up – 3/6 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the systems that make up an airframe system? • What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft? • What is the purpose of the “boost” or auxiliary fuel pump? • What is the purpose of venting fuel tanks to the outside? • What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination ?

  8. Fuel SystemsFuel-Pump System • The auxiliary pump, also known as a boost pump, provides added reliability to the fuel system. • The electrically driven auxiliary pump is controlled by a switch in the flight deck.

  9. Warm-Up – 3/6 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the systems that make up an airframe system? • What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft? • What is the purpose of the “boost” or auxiliary fuel pump? • What is the purpose of venting fuel tanks to the outside? • What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination ?

  10. Warm-Up – 3/6 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the systems that make up an airframe system? • What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft? • What is the purpose of the “boost” or auxiliary fuel pump? • What is the purpose of venting fuel tanks to the outside? • What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination ?

  11. Fuel SystemsFuel Tanks • The tanks are vented to the outside to maintain atmospheric pressure inside the tank. • They may be vented through the filler cap or through a tube extending through the surface of the wing.

  12. Warm-Up – 3/6 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What are the systems that make up an airframe system? • What are the two common classifications of fuel systems in small aircraft? • What is the purpose of the “boost” or auxiliary fuel pump? • What is the purpose of venting fuel tanks to the outside? • What are some causes that may have led to Accidents attributed to fuel contamination ?

  13. Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination • Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to: • Inadequate preflight inspection by the pilot. • Servicing aircraft with improperly filtered fuel from small tanks or drums.

  14. Fuel SystemsFuel Contamination • Storing aircraft with partially filled fuel tanks. • Lack of proper maintenance.

  15. Questions / Comments

  16. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • March 6 • 1935 - Secretary of Commerce signs a special Air Traffic Regulation that prohibits air flights over parts of Washington, D.C.

  17. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • March 6 • 1944 — 600 heavy bombers dropped 1,600 tons of bombs during first major attack on Berlin.

  18. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • March 6 • 1965 — The first nonstop transcontinental helicopter flight across the United States is flown off the deck of the carrier USS Hornet at San Diego, California to the deck of the carrier USS Franklin D. Roosevelt off Jacksonville, Florida is completed successfully. • A United States Navy Sikorsky SH-3A “Sea King” flies 2,116 miles.

  19. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • March 6 • 1986 — Japan Air Lines embarks the world's heaviest man, an 880-lb Austrian flying from Frankfurt, Germany, as a passenger; 16 seats are removed from the cabin to make room for him.

  20. Questions / Comments

  21. March 2014

  22. Questions / Comments

  23. Chapter 6– Aircraft Systems FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

  24. Today’s Mission Requirements • Mission: • Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft. • Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems. • EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

  25. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Most aircraft are equipped with either a 14- or a 28-volt direct current electrical system.

  26. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • A basic aircraft electrical system consists of the following components: • Alternator/generator • Battery • Master/battery switch • Alternator/generator switch • Bus bar, fuses, and circuit breakers • Voltage regulator • Ammeter/loadmeter • Associated electrical wiring

  27. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Engine-driven alternators or generators supply electric current to the electrical system. • They also maintain a sufficient electrical charge in the battery.

  28. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Electrical energy stored in a battery provides a source of electrical power for starting the engine and a limited supply of electrical power for use in the event the alternator or generator fails.

  29. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Most generators will not produce a sufficient amount of electrical current at low engine rpm to operate the entire electrical system.

  30. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Alternators have several advantages over generators. • Alternators produce sufficient current to operate the entire electrical system, even at slower engine speeds. • The electrical output of an alternator is more constant throughout a wide range of engine speeds.

  31. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • The electrical system is turned on or off with a master switch. • Turning the master switch to the ON position provides electrical energy to all the electrical equipment circuits except the ignition system.

  32. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Equipment that commonly uses the electrical system for its source of energy includes: • Position lights • Anti-collision lights • Landing lights • Taxi lights • Interior cabin lights • Instrument lights • Radio equipment

  33. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Turn indicator • Fuel gauges • Electric fuel pump • Stall warning system • Pitot heat • Starting motor • Many aircraft are equipped with a battery switch that controls the electrical power to the aircraft in a manner similar to the master switch.

  34. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • In addition, an alternator switch is installed which permits the pilot to exclude the alternator from the electrical system in the event of alternator failure.

  35. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • With the alternator half of the switch in the OFF position, the entire electrical load is placed on the battery. • All nonessential electrical equipment should be turned off to conserve battery power.

  36. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Fuses or circuit breakers are used in the electrical system to protect the circuits and equipment from electrical overload.

  37. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • An ammeter is used to monitor the performance of the aircraft electrical system. • The ammeter shows if the alternator/generator is producing an adequate supply of electrical power. • It also indicates whether or not the battery is receiving an electrical charge.

  38. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Ammeters are designed with the zero point in the center of the face and a negative or positive indication on either side.

  39. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • When the pointer of the ammeter is on the plus side, it shows the charging rate of the battery. • A minus indication means more current is being drawn from the battery than is being replaced.

  40. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • A full-scale minus deflection indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator. • A full-scale positive deflection indicates a malfunction of the regulator.

  41. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Not all aircraft are equipped with an ammeter. • Some have a warning light that, when lighted, indicates a discharge in the system as a generator/alternator malfunction. • Refer to the AFM or POH for appropriate action to be taken.

  42. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • Another electrical monitoring indicator is a loadmeter. • This type of gauge has a scale beginning with zero and shows the load being placed on the alternator/generator.

  43. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • The loadmeter reflects the total percentage of the load placed on the generating capacity of the electrical system by the electrical accessories and battery.

  44. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • A voltage regulator controls the rate of charge to the battery by stabilizing the generator or alternator electrical output. • The generator/alternator voltage output should be higher than the battery voltage.

  45. Aircraft SystemsElectrical Systems • For example, a 12-volt battery would be fed by a generator/alternator system of approximately 14 volts. • The difference in voltage keeps the battery charged.

  46. Questions / Comments

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