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Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): A Guide to Modern Financial Theory

This chapter explores the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), an equilibrium model used in modern finance. It discusses the assumptions, resulting equilibrium conditions, return and risk for individual securities, the index model, the CAPM's relation to reality, econometrics, extensions of the CAPM, and liquidity considerations.

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Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): A Guide to Modern Financial Theory

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  1. CHAPTER 9 The Capital Asset Pricing Model

  2. It is the equilibrium model that underlies all modern financial theory Derived using principles of diversification with simplified assumptions Markowitz, Sharpe, Lintner and Mossin are researchers credited with its development Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

  3. Individual investors are price takers Single-period investment horizon Investments are limited to traded financial assets No taxes and transaction costs Assumptions

  4. Information is costless and available to all investors Investors are rational mean-variance optimizers There are homogeneous expectations Assumptions Continued

  5. All investors will hold the same portfolio for risky assets – market portfolio Market portfolio contains all securities and the proportion of each security is its market value as a percentage of total market value Resulting Equilibrium Conditions

  6. Risk premium on the market depends on the average risk aversion of all market participants Risk premium on an individual security is a function of its covariance with the market Resulting Equilibrium Conditions Continued

  7. Figure 9.1 The Efficient Frontier and the Capital Market Line

  8. Market Risk Premium The risk premium on the market portfolio will be proportional to its risk and the degree of risk aversion of the investor:

  9. The risk premium on individual securities is a function of the individual security’s contribution to the risk of the market portfolio An individual security’s risk premium is a function of the covariance of returns with the assets that make up the market portfolio Return and Risk For Individual Securities

  10. Using GE Text Example Covariance of GE return with the market portfolio: Therefore, the reward-to-risk ratio for investments in GE would be:

  11. Using GE Text Example Continued Reward-to-risk ratio for investment in market portfolio: Reward-to-risk ratios of GE and the market portfolio: And the risk premium for GE:

  12. Expected Return-Beta Relationship CAPM holds for the overall portfolio because: This also holds for the market portfolio:

  13. Figure 9.2 The Security Market Line

  14. Figure 9.3 The SML and a Positive-Alpha Stock

  15. The Index Model and Realized Returns To move from expected to realized returns—use the index model in excess return form: The index model beta coefficient turns out to be the same beta as that of the CAPM expected return-beta relationship

  16. Figure 9.4 Estimates of Individual Mutual Fund Alphas, 1972-1991

  17. The CAPM and Reality Is the condition of zero alphas for all stocks as implied by the CAPM met Not perfect but one of the best available Is the CAPM testable Proxies must be used for the market portfolio CAPM is still considered the best available description of security pricing and is widely accepted

  18. Econometrics and the Expected Return-Beta Relationship It is important to consider the econometric technique used for the model estimated Statistical bias is easily introduced Miller and Scholes paper demonstrated how econometric problems could lead one to reject the CAPM even if it were perfectly valid

  19. Extensions of the CAPM Zero-Beta Model Helps to explain positive alphas on low beta stocks and negative alphas on high beta stocks Consideration of labor income and non-traded assets Merton’s Multiperiod Model and hedge portfolios Incorporation of the effects of changes in the real rate of interest and inflation

  20. Extensions of the CAPM Continued A consumption-based CAPM Models by Rubinstein, Lucas, and Breeden Investor must allocate current wealth between today’s consumption and investment for the future

  21. Liquidity and the CAPM Liquidity Illiquidity Premium Research supports a premium for illiquidity. Amihud and Mendelson Acharya and Pedersen

  22. Figure 9.5 The Relationship Between Illiquidity and Average Returns

  23. Three Elements of Liquidity Sensitivity of security’s illiquidity to market illiquidity: Sensitivity of stock’s return to market illiquidity: Sensitivity of the security illiquidity to the market rate of return:

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