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Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

Antebellum Revivalism & Reform. 1. The Second Great Awakening (Religion and Change). Social Reforms & Redefining Equality. Education. Temperance. Abolitionism. Asylum & Penal Reform. Women’s Rights. Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting. Charles G. Finney (1792 – 1895).

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Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

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  1. AntebellumRevivalism&Reform

  2. 1.The Second Great Awakening (Religion and Change) Social Reforms & Redefining Equality Education Temperance Abolitionism Asylum &Penal Reform Women’s Rights

  3. Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

  4. Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895) The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. “soul-shaking” conversion R1-2

  5. The Mormons • 1823  Golden Tablets • 1830 Book of Mormon • 1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL Joseph Smith(1805-1844)

  6. Violence Against Mormons

  7. The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) • Deseret community. • Salt Lake City, Utah Brigham Young(1801-1877)

  8. Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) The Shakers • If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in theregeneration, God will cleanse you from allunrighteousness. • Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries. • If you improve in one talent, God will give you more. R1-4

  9. Shaker Meeting

  10. Shaker Hymn http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06jF1EG8o-Q 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

  11. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

  12. 2.Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) • Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.” • “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

  13. Transcendentalist Thinking A very simple idea. People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel. This knowledge comes through intuition and imagination not through logic or the senses. People can trust themselves to be their own authority on what is right. A TRANSCENDENTALIST is a person who accepts these ideas not as religious beliefs but as a way of understanding life relationships.

  14. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) • Example: • Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery! • Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man to that divinity which God had endowed them.

  15. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature(1832) Resistance to Civil Disobedience(1849) Self-Reliance (1841) Walden(1854) “The American Scholar” (1837) R3-1/3/4/5

  16. The Transcendentalist Agenda • Give freedom to the slave. • Give well-being to the poor and the miserable. • Give learning to the ignorant. • Give health to the sick. • Give peace and justice to society.

  17. A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) One should accept the world as an imperfect place:*Scarlet Letter*House of the Seven Gables

  18. Utopian Communities • New Jersey

  19. The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848 • Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred. • Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. • all residents married to each other. • carefully regulated “free love.” John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

  20. Utopian NJ In the middle of the central New Jersey commuter belt, there is one of these utopian socieities“ Rows of short streets, each lined with identical houses. Free Acres, regarded at its founding nearly a century ago as one of New Jersey’s so-called utopian communities by New York lawyer Bolton Hall. Hall’s experiment was not unusual. From the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, New Jersey’s proximity to New York and Philadelphia, as well as its landscape of coastal plain, mountains, and farms, made it home to a surprising number of so-called utopian communities. Created in response to an increasingly industrialized society that separated people from nature and from each other, these communities were hungry for open land. In rural New Jersey, you could pick your paradise.

  21. 4.Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) 1821  first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY R1-5/7

  22. Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

  23. 5.Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance Society“Demon Rum”! Movement to rid the country of alcohol! Frances Willard The Beecher Family R1-6

  24. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

  25. “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

  26. 6.Social Reform  ProstitutionThe “Fallen Woman” Sarah Ingraham (1802-1887) • 1835 Advocate of Moral Reform • Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls. R2-1

  27. 7.Educational Reform Religious Training  Secular Education By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites.* US had one of the highest literacy rates.

  28. Horace Mann(1796-1859) “Father of American Education” • children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials • children should be “molded” into a state of perfection • discouraged corporal punishment • established state teacher- training programs R3-6

  29. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers • Used religious parables to teach “American values.” • Teach middle class morality and respect for order. • Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety) R3-8

  30. Women Educators • Troy, NY Female Seminary • curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. • train female teachers Emma Willard(1787-1870) • 1837  she establishedMt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women. Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

  31. 7.“Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” • A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was arefuge from the cruel world outside). • Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily. • An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

  32. Early 19c Women • Unable to vote. • Legal status of a minor. • Single  could own her own property. • Married  no control over herproperty or her children. • Could not initiate divorce. • Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

  33. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

  34. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Lucy Stone Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké • American Women’sSuffrage Assoc. • edited Woman’s Journal • Southern Abolitionists R2-9

  35. R2-6/7 8.Women’s Rights 1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it. London World Anti-Slavery Convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

  36. Seneca Falls Declaration

  37. 9.Abolitionist Movement • 1816 American Colonization Societycreated (gradual, voluntary emancipation. (freedom)

  38. Abolitionist Movement • Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica. • No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. Gradualists Immediatists

  39. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

  40. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) • Slavery & Masonryundermined republicanvalues. • Immediate emancipation with NO compensation. • Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4

  41. Editor of The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

  42. Black Abolitionists David Walker(1785-1830) 1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

  43. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847 “The North Star” newspaper R2-12

  44. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)or Isabella Baumfree 1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

  45. Harriet Tubman(1820-1913) • Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. • $40,000 bounty on her head. • Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”

  46. Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

  47. The Underground Railroad

  48. The Underground Railroad • “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape • “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves • “Tracks” ==== routes • “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves • “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

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