L’IMPACT ENVIRONNEMENTAL DANS LE SECTEUR VERRIER

1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPEMENT, A NEW CHALLENGE FOR THE CRYSTAL GLASS INDUSTRY L’IMPACT ENVIRONNEMENTAL DANS LE SECTEUR VERRIER XV ICF TECHNICAL EXCHANGE CONFERENCE Arques/St Omer, 11-14 October2003 Department name in 14 pt Arial Bold • Place and date in 14 pt Arial Italic Guy Tackels guy.tackels@saint-gobain.com

2. CONTENTS • Crystal Glass industry and Sustainable Development • European legislation and IPPC Directive • Climate Change and CO2 Emission Trading

3. Sustainable Development • First definition in Brundtland report (1987) : • “A development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” • More poetic definition: • “We do not inherit this world from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children”

5. Sustainable development : some concrete links to enrich the economic approach by environmental and social concerns • Development of tools able to measure the environmental impact of industry : ecologic print, carbon balance, exchanges efficiency,… • R&D for GHG reduction and energy saving • Ethical involvement of industry • Ecologic design and industrial ecology (lightening) • Decoupling economic growth and use of non renewable resources • Decoupling economic growth and use of energy • Waste management and recycling (cullet recycling) • Etc…

6. European legislation • IPPC Directive (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) • BAT (Best Available Techniques) • BREF (BAT REFerence Document) • NEC Directive (National Emission Ceilings): multi-pollutants and multi-effects • SOx, NOx, NMVOC, NH3 • Acidification, eutrophication, tropospheric ozone • To be revised in 2004. In practice, strong pressure to reduce pollution in 2010.

7. European legislation (2) • Directive on air quality (dust, SO2, NOx, Pb) and daughter directive relating to heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel) and PAH • EU Chemical policy (REACH) • Directive on packaging and packaging waste • Health and safety (OEL for lead in air/blood, noise and vibrations, crystalline silica, use of Boron,…) • Emission Trading (to be developed in next section) • Etc…

8. CRYSTAL GLASS and ENVIRONMENT: IPPC Implementation • Size of sites can be very diverse. Some installations are below the threshold level of IPPC (20 t/j) • Some BAT’s described in the BREF are not applicable to Domestic and Crystal Glass. • Specificities: Special glass, use of lead, oxidation by nitrates, acid polishing (F), • Emission concentration can be high but flow is generally low

9. IPPC BAT Reference levels for Domestic and Crystal Glass (1) • Dust : 5-30 mg/Nm3 • Bag filters and Electrostatic Precipitators • Electric melting (Lead crystal) • NOx : 500-700 mg/Nm3 (target) • Primary measures • Electric furnaces • Oxy-fuel furnaces • Secondary measures difficult to apply (SCR, SNCR, Reburning) • Special attention to nitrates (1500 mg/Nm3)

10. IPPC BAT Reference levels for Domestic and Crystal Glass (2) • SOx : 200-500 mg/Nm3 (gas), 500-1300 mg/Nm3 (oil firing) • Choice of fuel (oil, gas, mixed fuel) • Action on sulphate when used • Acid gas treatments • Recycling, elimination or valorisation of dust issued from acid gases treatments

12. CLIMATE CHANGE • Climate Change : a reality? • Global consensus that climate change is a significant threat to the world and “that the changes are mostly due to human activities”(IPCC) • Evidence that “climate changes are occurring”and that costs associated to damages are considerable • Consensus that precaution is needed • Some EU member states (F, D, UK, S) have politically committed to reduction targets of up to 60% until 2050 (50% in France) • Kyoto Protocol is a modest step; the ultimate agreement to achieve long term targets still needs to be designed

15. CLIMATE CHANGE • Six greenhouse gases : CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 • In the glass industry, only CO2 is concerned

16. The rules at world level (Protocols) • Kyoto protocol on Greenhouse effect • Ratified by EU and countries of EU • Flexibility mechanisms ( Emission trading, Joint Implementation, Clean Development Mechanism) • GHG reduction target in 2010 : • European Union : -8% of 1990 level • At Member State level : burden-sharing agreement

17. Burden-Sharing Agreement for GHG

18. Kyoto Protocol and EU Legislation « Emission Trading » Directive on exchanges of greenhouse gases emission allowances • Adopted by EU Parliament on 2 July 2003 and accepted by the Council on 22 July 2003 • Will apply on 1st January 2005 • NPA : Allowances must be fixed and accepted by the Commission on 31 March 2004 • Threshold value for glass industry : 20 t/d of melted glass per installation i.e. less than 10.000 tonnes of CO2 per year • Process emissions included

19. How does ET reduce costs :First case : no Emission Trading

20. Second case : With Emission Trading

21. Forms of emission trading • A « Cap and Trade » programme typically establishes an absolute limit on total emissions in a given period and distributes allowances equal to the limit prior to the start of the period. • Key point : allowances allocation (free or by auction) • « Baseline and credit » typically define a baseline that varies with output and issue credits at the end of the period if a participant’s actual emissions are below its baseline.

22. REPORTING and VERIFICATION Emission data • All the data will be treated in the same way. An Excel programme has been developed at European level (CPIV). The method is inspired from the method used by the cement industry in the scope of WBCSD and GHG Protocol Initiative.

23. CO2 REPORTING

24. CONCLUSIONS • The BREF document is considered as a good document and the Domestic and Crystal glass sector made a good work to take into account their specificities. • However, in the near future, IPPC directive will influence strongly the local environmental constraints. Tighter regulations will apply. • Today, we observe that implementation is not homogeneous across Europe and we recommend to defend carefully the interests of Domestic and Crystal glass sector at national and local level

25. Conclusions (2) • Climate Change is now a reality • The reduction of CO2 emissions is already a political target in many member states of EU. Commitments to reduction targets of up to 60% until 2050. • The flexibility mechanisms (ET) are only tools to reduce the costs. However, in practice, it can be foreseen that energy and CO2 related costs will increase substantially in the future • Crystal glass installations are not always submitted to the ET directive but everybody will have to reduce CO2 emissions. For instance obligation of means in France. • Due to low absolute CO2 emissions level, the cost of trading could be high.

26. Conclusions (3) • Short term CO2 reductions are very limited for economic and technical reasons. • Energy savings and CO2 reductions are already permanent concerns in glass manufacture. From now, top priority must be given to this matter • Double financial burden imposed to industry : • Costs of CO2 emission reduction • Increased energy costs generated by the system

27. A last word on Life Cycle Analysis of glass products • Glass, for some applications, allows substantial energy savings or CO2 reductions. • Low Emissivity glazing • Mineral wools • Reinforcement applications ( cars, wind power) • Using glass products, CO2 reduction potential is very big. Far bigger than the emissions required for the total glass industry production. What about Crystal Glass Industry?

28. A last word… • Crystal Glass belongs to what is often called the 4th pillar of the SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : • ART and CULTURE • A sustainable world can’t exist without • CRYSTAL !