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Tests For Deductive Reasoning

Tests For Deductive Reasoning. Rylee Russell. Deductive Reasoning. There are two tests for deductive reasoning. 1 st test. 1 st test applies to the generalization. THIS MUST BE TRUE If not, then it cannot be applied to the specific case. example.

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Tests For Deductive Reasoning

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  1. Tests For Deductive Reasoning Rylee Russell

  2. Deductive Reasoning • There are two tests for deductive reasoning

  3. 1st test • 1sttest applies to the generalization. • THIS MUST BE TRUE • If not, then it cannot be applied to the specific case

  4. example • Generalization: someone with small, beady eyes can’t be trusted. • This generalization is not based on any factual support • So judging a person’s trustworthiness on the basis of eye size is not valid

  5. Example • Bill: "You know, those feminists all hate men." Joe: "Really?" Bill: "Yeah. I was in my philosophy class the other day and that Rachel chick gave a presentation." Joe: "Which Rachel?" Bill: "You know her. She's the one that runs that feminist group over at the Women's Center. She said that men are all sexist pigs. I asked her why she believed this and she said that her last few boyfriends were real sexist pigs. " Joe: "That doesn't sound like a good reason to believe that all of us are pigs." Bill: "That was what I said." Joe: "What did she say?" Bill: "She said that she had seen enough of men to know we are all pigs. She obviously hates all men." Joe: "So you think all feminists are like her?" Bill: "Sure. They all hate men."

  6. 2nd test • 2ndtest is whether the generalization applies to the particular case • Is the particular case you’re concerned with similar in all respects to other cases that the generalization applies to?

  7. Example • Scenario: a politician argues that an opposing candidate (Democrat) will raise taxes because all Democrats believe in “tax and spend” • If politician shows that other Democrats did increase taxed, it’s logical to assume that the candidate will also. • Exception: the Democratic candidate has a record of voting against tax increases and was conservative on budget matter • Generalization does not apply in this instance

  8. Example • The profit margin on HP's printer line has been a steady 25% for two years. • We can assume, then, that the profits company-wide have also been 25%.

  9. Exceptions • Must know and remember that there are exceptions to every rule • Must know if you’re dealing with an exception or not

  10. Questions • The 1st test applies to what? • generalizations • If test is not true, then it cannot be applied to what? • A specific case • What is the 2nd test? • Whether the generalization applies to the particular case or not

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