NINETEENTH PAN AMERICAN CHILD CONGRESS

1. NINETEENTH PAN AMERICAN CHILD CONGRESS EVOLUTION OF THE CHILD RELATIONSHIP WITH THE FAMILY REALITIES, QUESTIONS, AND PERSPECTIVES IN LATIN AMERICA BERNARDO KLIKSBERG INTERNATIONAL ADVISOR Mexico, 27-29 October, 2004

2. AGENDA • Recent research on the decisive role of the Family vis-à-vis Children, Society, and Development • Family and Social Capital • The Impact of Poverty on the Family in Latin America • Child and Adolescent Situation • How to strengthen the Family? • A few Conclusions

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR REFERENCE • Inter-American Initiative on Social Capital, Ethics, and Development : • www.iadb.orgetica • Bernardo Kliksberg, “MAS ETICA, MAS DESARROLLO” (Editorial Temas, 2004)

4. RECENT RESEARCH • Family and Affectivity: Corroborating Biblical Lessons • Impact on Educational Performance • Incidence on Emotional Intelligence • Impact on Health • Main Crime Prevention Unit • Social Protection Network against Unemployment

5. FAMILY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL • What is the Social Capital? • Climate of confidence within a given society • Association capacity • Civic conscience • Ethical values • The key role of the Family in the generation of Social Capital • What is the impact of Family Social Capital on Child Educational Performance? • James Coleman’s Findings

6. FAMILY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL • James Coleman’s Findings: • The internal social capital of a family consists of the relationship between parents and children • When the social capital is high, it provides children the access to their parents’ human capital • When the social capital is low, it will be of no use for children, even if their parents’ human capital is high • Desertion rate is linked to the internal and external social capital of the family

7. Year Indigence Poverty 2000 17,8% 42 , 1 2001 18,6% 43 2002 20,0% 44 15 million new poor emerged from 2000 to 2002 Period í Urban unemployment rate 1981 - 90 8.4% 1991 - 97 8.8% 1998 - 03 10.4% Source: ECLAC. Annual Reports. THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE FAMILY IN LATIN AMERICA • Poverty evolution Poverty evolution in Latin America, 2000-2002 (percentage of population) • Unemployment evolution Latin America. Growth and Unemployment, 1980-2003

8. Gini Upper 10% Lower 20% Ratio between coefficient of total income of total income in the tenth income and first deciles Brazil (2001) 59,0 47,2% 2,6% 54,4 Guatemala (2000) 58,3 46,8% 2,4% 63,3 Colombia (1999) 57,6 46,5% 2,7% 57,8 Chile (2000) 57,1 47,0% 3,4% 40,6 Mexic o (2000) 54,6 43,1% 3,1% 45,0 Argentina (2000) 52,2 38,9% 3,1% 39,1 Jamaica (1999) 52,0 40,1% 3,4% 36,5 Dominican 49,7 38,6% 4,0% 28,4 Republic (1997) Costa Rica (2000) 46,5 34,8% 4,2% 25,1 Uruguay (2000) 44,6 33,5% 4,8% 18,9 United States 40,8 30,5% 5,2% 16,9 (1997) Italy (1998) 36,0 27,4% 6,0% 14,4 Source: World Bank (2004). Desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe. ¿Ruptura con la historia?. Washington DC. THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE FAMILY IN LATIN AMERICA • The most unequal region on Earth Inequality indicators for some Latin American countries, the United States and Italy

9. THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE FAMILY IN LATIN AMERICA • Disintegrated Families • Domestic Violence • Rate of Reluctance to build up a Family

10. Country Last year Arg entina 1995/96 12,4 Bolivia 1998 26,8 Brazil 1996 10,5 Chile 1999 1,9 Colombia 2000 13,5 Costa Rica 1996 6,1 Ecuador 1998 26,4 El Salvador 1998 23,3 Guatemala 1999 26,4 Honduras 1996 38,9 Mexico 1999 17,7 Nicaragua 1998 24,9 Panama 1997 18,2 Paraguay 1990 13,9 Peru 2000 25,4 Dominican Rep. 1996 10,7 Uruguay 1992/93 9,5 Venezuela 2000 12,8 Latin America 18,9 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SITUATION • Malnutrition problems Child Malnutrition between the 1980’s and 2000’s Source : estimates based on WHO data, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development 2002. UNDP. Democracy in Latin America. 2004.

11. LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS NIÑOS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES • Mother and Child Mortality Pre-birth Basic Care Rate (provided by professionally trained individuals)

12. LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS NIÑOS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES • Mother and Child Mortality Rate of assisted births (by professionally trained individuals)

13. LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS NIÑOS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES • Mother and Child Mortality Mortality Rate of Children younger than 5 years of age (in thousands) • Child Labor

14. Country Age 1990 1995 2000 Argentina 15 - 19 21,7 46,6 39,5 15 - 24 15,2 30,1 .. Bolivia 10 - 19 13,3 5,0 .. 20 - 19 9,5 5,4 .. Brazil 15 - 17 .. 11,0 17,8 18 - 24 .. 9,3 14,7 Chile 15 - 19 15,9 15,8 26,1 20 - 24 12,0 10,1 20,1 Colombia 12 - 17 .. 21,0 44,7 18 - 24 .. 16,6 34,8 Costa Rica 12 - 24 10,4 13,5 10,9 Ecuador 15 - 24 13,5 15,3 17,4 El Salvador 15 - 24 18,6 13,3 14,3 Honduras 10 - 24 10,7 10,2 .. Panama 15 - 24 .. 31,9 32,6 Paraguay 15 - 19 18,4 10,8 .. 20 - 24 14,1 7,8 .. Peru 14 - 24 15,4 11,2 17,1 Uruguay 14 - 24 26,6 25,5 31,7 Venezuela 15 - 24 18,0 19,9 25,3 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SITUATION • Youth Unemployment Source: UNDP. Democracy in Latin America, 2004.

15. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SITUATION • Children in/of the Street

16. How to strengthen the Family? • A decisive ethical issue • The responsibility of Public Policies • The Role of the Private Sector • The Role of Civil Society • The experience of UNESCO Open Schools in Brazil

17. A FEW CONCLUSIONS • Poverty as a Paradox • Damage to Families and Children • Biblical Wisdom • Motherly love • “A mother’s love for her child is the most perfect and less ambivalent of all human relations” Sigmund Freud • The most important test for a Society • Hillel’s Questions

18. A FEW CONCLUSIONS • Hillel (First Century, BC) • If not me for myself, then who? • If only me for myself, then what for? • If not now, then when?