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Engineering and Science

Engineering and Science. Purpose and Nature. Science is the search for knowledge and understanding Technology is the application of knowledge to satisfy human needs They are both creative problem solving methods!. Engineering is.

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Engineering and Science

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  1. Engineering and Science

  2. Purpose and Nature • Science is the search for knowledge and understanding • Technology is the application of knowledge to satisfy human needs They are both creative problem solving methods!

  3. Engineering is... “… the profession in which a knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind." (ABET)

  4. Processes Compared Knowledge Scientific Method Why? Engineering Design Process Thing Need Specification

  5. The Rest of Engineering

  6. Engineers Drive Trains! • The distinctions among science and engineering and technology are often arbitrary • Engineering design, product testing, engineering analysis, scientific method are all creative, problem solving processes • However, schools teach Engineering using the scientific process with very little hands-on or applied learning activities • Students are often left wondering what Engineers really do

  7. Engineering Design Process Description

  8. Engineering Design Defined The crux of the design process is creating a satisfactory solution to a need Harrisberger

  9. Problem Definition/ Specifications Data & Information Collection Development of Alternative Designs Evaluation of Designs/ Selection of Optimal Design Implementation of Optimal Design The Engineering Design Process? Customer Need or Opportunity Source: Accrediting Board For Engineering and Technology

  10. Engineering Design • Define a need • Develop design criteria • Search literature to see what has been done • Prepare preliminary designs • Build and test a prototype • Redesign and retest as necessary Source: http://www.sciserv.org/isef/document/index

  11. Dissecting the Engineering Design Process

  12. Need • Have a need, have a customer • External vs internal; Implied vs explicit • Often stated as functional requirement • Often stated as bigger, cheaper, faster, lighter • Boilerplate purpose: The design and construction of a (better____something)_____ for (kids, manufacturing, medicine) to do __________.

  13. Criteria & Constraints “Design criteria are requirements you specify for your design that will be used to make decisions about how to build the product” Aesthetics Geometry Physical Features Performance Inputs-Outputs Use Environment Usability Reliability

  14. Some Design Constraints • Cost • Time • Knowledge • Legal, ethical • Physical: size, weight, power, durability • Natural, topography, climate, resources • Company practices

  15. Evaluate Alternatives • Needs best stated as function, not form • Likely to find good alternatives for cheapest, fastest, lightest, and encourage discovery • Research should reveal what has been done • Improve on what has been done • Play alternatives off criteria and constraints • Brainstorming helps

  16. Simulation

  17. Best Design • Choose best design that meets criteria • Demonstrate tradeoff analyses (among criteria and constraints) is high quality • Cost (lifecycle) is always consideration • Resist overbuilding; drives complexity, cost, time, resources A quality design meets customers expectations!

  18. Prototype • Prototype is implementation of chosen design alternative • It is a proof of design, production and suitability • Prototypes are often cost prohibitive: Models and simulations may suffice • Quality design does not include redesigning a lot of prototypes

  19. Prototype Prototype picture of 747

  20. Test it Well • Test and optimize design against constraints and customer expectations. • Create a test plan showing how to test • Test in the conditions of use • Good test plan shows what test, expected results how to test, and what analyses will be. It relates to specification requirements

  21. Test and Redesign

  22. Test Results Successful Test: Satisfying Test Failure: Priceless

  23. Project book • Project data book A complete record All key decisions Good drawings Test plans Results Conclusions Things learned

  24. Draw a Good Picture • Drawings for project notebook, application, display • Photos, sketches, CAD 2-D or 3-D • Show assembly, components, materials

  25. Product Sketches

  26. Other Drawings

  27. Model Abstract • Engineering goal ~ purpose ~ need • Design and construction of gum-repelling shoe • Design and evaluation criteria • Procedures and equipment • Alternatives, solution, prototype features • Test plan ~ test results • Conclusions • Met need? Why not? Changes? Knowledge?

  28. Summary

  29. Hypothesis Experiment Conclude Need Criteria, constraints Alternatives Build prototype Test, modify, retest Specification Processes Compared “The crux of the design process is creating a satisfactory solution to a need”

  30. Design Features • Meets a need, has a “customer” • Design criteria and constraints • Evaluate alternatives (systems or components) • Build prototype (figuratively) • Test/evaluate against test plans (criteria) • Analyze, “tweak” (), redesign (), retest • Project book: record, analyses, decisions, specifications

  31. Summary: A Superior Project • A clear and relevant need from customer • Research what’s been done before: don’t make theories out of facts • Enough criteria to develop alternative designs and perform design trades • Prototype built after best design chosen • Test prototype as it will be used • Comprehensive project book, good specs

  32. Avoid These Pitfalls No need, no end product Analysis as a product Turning facts into questions with hypotheses Reverse engineering the process Ah ha!, gadgetry, kits Demonstrations, product testing Testing without asking the user No analysis of prototype test results

  33. Key Terms • Define in context and summarize here.. • Prototype • Model • Simulation • Hypothesis • Design criteria • Design constraints

  34. Activity: Design CriteriaWhat should I test about a light bulb? Production assembly-time-demonstration Robustness-vibration, temperature-test article Life-hours-statistical sample Duty cycle-count on/off-prototype Brightness-lumens-measure Packaging-drop test-do last Base fit-yes/no-first article demo

  35. ActivityTeams define test requirements for a familiar thing such as MP3 Player, Cell phone, or clothing and report out to class

  36. About the Scientific Method

  37. Be curious Research Hypothesis Experiment, data Reach Conclusions Prepare report and exhibit Observe Do research Formulate hypothesis Design experiment Stop. Do application Conduct experiments Evaluate, conclusions Prep paper & exhibit Prepare abstract Scientific Method(s) Source: http://www.sciserv.org/isef/document/index Source: SCVSEFA Handbook

  38. Hypothesis • An educated guess • Prediction of outcome • That which can be measured and tested • Cause and effect • Example: if x is true, then y will happen To help answer “Why”?

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