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Bovine Clinical Procedures

Chapter 11. Bovine Clinical Procedures. Objectives. Set up and prepare the patient for each procedure perform the procedure (when appropriate) assist the clinician in performing diagnostic sampling and medication procedures. Insert and maintain an intravenous catheter

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Bovine Clinical Procedures

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  1. Chapter 11 Bovine Clinical Procedures

  2. Objectives Set up and prepare the patient for each procedure perform the procedure (when appropriate) assist the clinician in performing diagnostic sampling and medication procedures. Insert and maintain an intravenous catheter monitor the catheter for complications. rationale and indications for each of the clinical procedures described. Set up materials and equipment prepare the patient as needed for the procedure. Perform or assist in necropsy and sample collection procedures maintain a safe environment during these procedures.

  3. Reading Assignment • Chapter 11: Bovine Clinical Procedures • Key terms • Balling gun • Drenching • Foot rot • Frick speculum • Hemal processes • Hematoma • Hoof block • Injection site lesion • Mastitis • Ororumen • Rumenocentesis • Suburethral diverticulum • Titillating

  4. Bevel Anatomy of a Syringe Needle Cap Needle hub Luer-lock tip Barrel Rubber stopper Scale Plunger Flange Thumb rest

  5. Venous Blood Sampling • For state/ diagnostic labs • TB, Brucella, Trichomoniasis • Disease control

  6. Venipuncture Disinfection of the site: 70% isopropyl alcohol Jugular: most common; halter/nose tongs 16- or 18-gauge × 1 1/2-in needle 1-2 inches Occlude with all fingers 45 – 90 degrees angle Vacutainer Needle inserted cranial/ caudal Apply digital pressure: 15-30 sec. to avoid hematomas

  7. Venipuncture (cont’d)

  8. Venipuncture Tail veins Animal is more tolerant of tail than jugular Proximal 1/3 of tail 18-, 19-, 20-gauge × 1 1/2-in needle 45 – 90 degrees angle Hemal processes on coccygeal vertebrae protect coccygeal artery and vein Go in between vertebrae Digital pressure after collection 15 sec. (hematoma)

  9. Venipuncture • Milk veins/ subcutaneous abdominal vein • Avoid • Hematomas!!

  10. Normal CBC

  11. Normal Chemistry values

  12. Arterial Blood Sampling Arteries Brachial arteries Femoral arteries Auricular arteries Anesthetized patients

  13. Abdominocentesis Ventral abdomen Adults, slightly right of ventral midline Clip and prep Needle or cannula 1 1/2 to 3 inches, 18- to 20-gauge Avoid the subcutaneous abdominal veins

  14. Rumen Fluid Collection Ororumen/ orogastric Rumenocentesis: lower left abdominal wall 14 gauge Xiphoid process and left of ventral midline Clip and prep Aspiration Rumen fluid: green, sweet Fermented odor, motile protozoa, 6.5 – 7.5

  15. Urine Collection Free catch Female titillating: escutcheon; male: rub with capped tube with threads Catheterization: sterile; suburethral diverticulum: on ventral aspect of urethra, go more dorsal Cystocentesis in calves: not done often Catch void urine

  16. Fecal Collection Gloved hand Ground Rectum: lubricate

  17. Cerebrospinal Fluid Sampling Alantooccipital space (cisterna magna) Lateral recumbency nose flexed down Lumbosacral space Heavy sedation or general anesthesia 18- to 20-gauge 3 1/2-in length Not as deep as in horses Lumbosacral space

  18. Milk Collection Palpate the udder and teats. Wash teats with a sanitizing solution. Dry teats thoroughly with individual paper towels. Strip the teat.

  19. Black cup CMT results

  20. Foul smell and necrotic odor • Arcanobacterium pyogenes • (another)anaerobe • Watery milk, swollen udder • Coliforms • Watery and red, sick cow • Staph aureus: poor prognosis • Subclinical mastitis: contagious organisms:Staphylococcus aureus, • Streptococcus agalactia, Mycoplasma bovis • Clinical mastitis: • Environmental organisms: Strep. nonag. Group:50% • Coliform organisms (Eschericia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter sp., etc.) • 90% of the time

  21. Oral Medication Balling gun: poor technique: laceration/ abscess: pharynx, epiglottis, oral cavity. Don’t use in horses or young animals Drenching Gastric intubation Nose should not be higher than top of head

  22. Oral Medication Drenching Liquid medication Go slowly If animal coughs let them settle before inserting any other medication Nose should not be higher than top of head

  23. Gastric intubation • Ororumen • Cattle have smaller • nasal passages • Lubricate stomach • tube • Palpate esophagus/ auscult in • paralumbar fossa • Kink tube before removal Frick speculum Electric orogastric pump

  24. Injections Use SQ products whenever possible. Use sharp, single-use, sterile needles from 16- to 20-gauge, 1- to 1 1/2-inch length. No more than 10 ml per IM injection site. Keep IM sites separated by at least 4 inches. Preferred IM injection site is in front of the shoulder. Avoid injecting through wet or dirty skin. Do not use chemical disinfectants in syringes. Replace needles when they are bent or burred, contaminated with dirt or feces, and after every 10 to 15 head. Never mix products. Keep records. CLEAN WITH 70% alcohol

  25. Injection Sites Lateral cervical muscles Gluteal muscles Avoid Semitendinosus/semimembranosus muscle Avoid Triceps muscle Avoid Longissimus muscle Avoid

  26. 2000: $3.59 / head

  27. Intravenous Injections Jugular Preferred Bell IV Cephalic Caudal auricular vein (ear vein) 10- to 14-gauge for cattle (18- to 20-gauge for the ear vein), and 14- to 18-gauge for calves. Small individuals may use catheters that are 2 to 3 inches in length. Procedure is the same as horses.

  28. Intravenous Injections (cont’d)

  29. IV Catheterization Jugular Cephalic Caudal auricular In adults 10 to 14 for adults 14 to 18 for calves Smaller calves 2 to 3 inches in length

  30. SQ Injections Lateral cervical region, brisket, flank, axilla 14- to 20-gauge × 1-in needles 250 ml per site in adults and 50 ml in calves Acceptable to tent skin with calves in lateral recumbency Otherwise avoid tenting the skin Choose the right needle

  31. SQ Injections (cont’d)

  32. Care of Vaccines and Automatic Dosing Syringes Rinse the external portion with soap and water. Rinse with distilled or deionized water near boiling point (hotter than 180° F). The water should be squirted through the syringe at least three to five times. Do not use soap on internal components. Take the automatic dosing syringe completely apart. Store in a dust-free, dry, low-humidity environment. Transport vaccines in a cooler with ice. Do not freeze. Keep cool. Only mix what will be used in 1 hour.

  33. Intradermal Injections Used for TB testing Caudal tail fold For allergies Lateral cervical or flank area Clip the hair. Antiseptics for the skin may or may not be used. If used, allow to dry  A 25- or 26-gauge needle, though a 22- or 23-gauge Pinch the skin, and insert the needle parallel to the pinched skin. Should create small bleb; if not it should be repeated.

  34. Intramammary Infusion Antibiotics Wet (lactating) and dry cow Disposable plastic syringes Infusion tips, cannulas, or catheters should never be used on more than one teat Treatment performed after milking The procedure should be as clean as possible Adhere to withdrawal times CLEAN: cranial first treat caudal teat first

  35. Intranasal Administration Vaccines Head restraint is necessary. Clear nasal passages. Nose should be slightly elevated. Inserted without needle. Common to throw head. It is OK if the animal sneezes.

  36. Implants Hormone placed in ears Increase weight gain 8% to 15% Compudose: Estradiol (24 mg), steers, heifers lasts for 200 days Ralgro: Zeranol (36 mg) , 70 – 100 days

  37. Implants (cont’d) Synovex-S Progesterone (100 mg) + estradiol benzoate (20 mg) Steers over 400 lb Effective for 70 to 100 days Synovex-H Testosterone (200 mg) + estradiol benzoate (20 mg) Heifers over 400 lb Effective for 70 to 100 days Synovex-C Progesterone (100 mg) + estradiol benzoate (10 mg) Calves (steers and heifers) 45 days of age to 400 lb Effective for 70 to 100 days

  38. Implants (cont’d) Implus-S Progesterone 200 mg + estradiol benzoate 20 mg Steers over 400 lb Effective for 70 to 100 days Implus-H Testosterone 200 mg + estradiol benzoate 20 mg Heifers over 400 lb Effective for 70 to 100 days

  39. Implants (cont’d) Finaplix-S Trenbolone acetate 140 mg Feeder steers over 650 lb Effective for 70 to 100 days Finaplix-H Trenbolone acetate 200 mg Feeder heifers over 650 lb Effective for 70 to 100 days

  40. Implants (cont’d) Revalor-S Trenbolone acetate 120 mg + estradiol 24 mg Feeder steers over 650 lb Effective for 110 to 120 days

  41. Hoof Care hoof grows an average of 5 mm per month Uneven growth Sores Abscesses Possibly foot rot Trim on an as-needed basis Tilt table or hoof restraint Instruments should be disinfected Provide a flat, level, weight-bearing surface on both digits to bear weight evenly Caution with motorized tools

  42. Hoof Care (cont’d) Excess toe removed Outer wall trimmed parallel to the coronary band Inner hoof wall trimmed Heels seldom need trimming Inspect the hoof Hoof blocks

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