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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. The Molecules of Life. Water. Water – makes up 70% of a cell’s weight Most intracellular reactions occur in the aqueous environment. Water. Properties: Inorganic Molecule – nonliving and does not contain C Ex. H 2 O

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 The Molecules of Life

  2. Water • Water – makes up 70% of a cell’s weight • Most intracellular reactions occur in the aqueous environment

  3. Water • Properties: • Inorganic Molecule – nonliving and does not contain C • Ex. H2O • Polar compound – one that has a more positive charge on one side, and a more negative charge on the other • Makes a great solvent; dissolves ions and other polar molecules easily Dissolve

  4. Hydrogen Bonds – weak attraction between a molecule with a negative charge (ex oxygen) and a hydrogen atom • Cohesion – tendency of the molecules of a substance to stick together • Adhesion – attractive force between unlike substances • Capillary action – ability to spread through narrow pores or tubes against gravity • Water is less dense at lower temperatures

  5. Draw on your papers

  6. Carbon Compounds • Organic Compounds – contain C and living • Exceptions: graphite, diamonds, CO2 • Carbon exhibits bonding power of 4 C • Most often bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or to itself and forms chains • Hydrocarbon – long chains composed of hydrogen and carbon

  7. Draw the example in your notes

  8. Functional group – group of atoms within a molecule that interact with other molecules in a predictable way • Ex. See table

  9. Monomer - A single, repeated molecule unit • Ex: a sugar molecule in starch • Polymer – complex molecules consisting of repeated monomers • Macromolecules – large polymers (starch) • Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis) – process of bonding two monomers together by the removal of a H2O • Hydrolysis – process of breaking apart a complex molecule by the addition of a water molecule

  10. The Four Biological Molecules • 1. Carbohydrates – organic compound made up of sugar molecules • The most abundant of all biological molecules • Contain C, H, and O

  11. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide (simple sugars) – one monomer of sugar • Cannot be hydrolyzed into a smaller unit, C6H12O6 • Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose • Isomers – Compounds that have the same exact molecular formula but differ in structure and function

  12. MonosaccharideISOMERS

  13. Carbohydrates • Disaccharide – two monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction forming a double sugar, C12H22O11 • Ex: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose • Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrates made up of many joined monosaccharides • Ex: Cellulose – plants structure • Starch – plants store food • Glycogen – animals store food

  14. Lipids • 2. Lipids - Fatty hydrocarbon compounds also composed of C,H,O • Fats – lipid molecule that have 3 fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol molecule • Saturated – all single bonds therefore carbon is bonded to the maximum number of atoms • Unsaturated – double bonds appear therefore carbon is attached to fewer atoms

  15. FatsTriglyceride

  16. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

  17. Lipids • Steroids – lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings • Ex: hormones, cholesterol, plant poisons

  18. Draw a Phospholipid(makes up the cell membrane)

  19. Proteins • 3. Proteins – a polymer constructed from a set of just 20 kind monomers called amino acids • Most diverse group of the large biological molecules • Ex. Hair, fur, nails

  20. Proteins • Amino Acids – building blocks of proteins, 20 • Structure of an amino acid • Carbon atom • Hydrogen atom • Carboxyl group • Amino group • R group

  21. Proteins • Peptide bonds – bond that links two amino acids together • Ex: Dipeptide – 2 amino acids joined together • Polypeptide – proteins of three or more amino acids • Proteins bend and fold to achieve the correct shape so that they can function • Denaturation – loss of normal shape of protein • Heat, pH, other environmental factors

  22. Proteins • Enzymes – Class of proteins which act as catalysts by speeding up specific metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy • Activation Energy – energy needed for a reaction to occur • Substrate– substance acted upon by enzyme • Active Site – particular region on an enzyme where a substrate binds

  23. Nucleic Acids • 4. Nucleic Acids – complex organic molecules made up of monomers of nucleotides • Ex: DNA– Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

  24. Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides – Small organic compound comprised of: • 1. Phosphate group • 2. 5-C sugar (pentose) – ribose or deoxyribose • 3. nitrogen base – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

  25. Organic Molecules Flipchart Flipchart

  26. Organic Compounds Video • Watch the video and answer the questions.

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