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The Nervous System

Explore the central and peripheral nervous system, the structure and functions of neurons, communication between cells, and the roles of the autonomic nervous system divisions. Learn about synapses, neurotransmitters, spinal cord reflexes, and more in this informative guide.

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The Nervous System

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  1. The Nervous System

  2. Two Main Parts • The Central Nervous System • Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord • The Peripheral Nervous System • Nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body

  3. Neurons • Nerve cells, called neurons, run through our entire bodies. • Neurons send and receive messages • Each of us has over 100 billion neurons • Most of our neurons are found in the brain

  4. Components of a Neuron • Think of Neurons like trees • Including Branches, Trunk, and Roots • Neurons can lay alongside each other like two trees in a forest • Unlike trees neurons can lay end to end as well, i.e. the “roots” are intertwined with the branches.

  5. Components of a Neuron

  6. Components again…. • Cell Body: Produces energy that fuels the activity of the cell. • Dendrites:“The Branches” receives information from other neurons and passes the message through the cell body.

  7. Components are FUN!! • Axon: “Trunk” carries information away from the cell body. • Myelin: A fatty white substance that insulates the axon and speeds the communication. • Axon Terminal: “Roots” End of the axon; send messages to another neurons dendrites.

  8. How they Communicate

  9. How they Communicate • Synapse: Junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another. • Messages can only travel in one direction.

  10. Neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters: Chemical stored in sacs within the axon terminal. • Neurons communicate by sending different neurotransmitters between cells.

  11. Spinal Cord • Column of nerves about as thick as a thumb. • Spinal Reflexes: automatic response Exp: touching a hot stove.

  12. Somatic Nervous System • Transmits sensory messages to the central nervous system. • Activated by touch • Exp: Change in temperature, but also includes changes in body position i.e. posture and balance

  13. Autonomic Nervous System • Regulates the bodies vital functions • Includes things like heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure. • There are two divisions of Autonomic functions.

  14. Sympathetic System • Known as the “Fight or Flight” response. • Prepares the body to either confront a situation or run away. • Exp: Attacked by a mugger

  15. Parasympathetic Nervous System • Normalizes the body after a stressful event. • Brings down heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. • Sympathetic=Stress Parasympathetic=Peace

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