Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral?

1. Interest Grabber Section 21-1 Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral? • Have you ever eaten mushrooms? Perhaps you have seen them growing from the ground in a forest or yard. Perhaps you have seen them for sale in a supermarket. • 1. What are some things that you know about mushrooms? • 2. Would you classify mushrooms as an animal, a plant, or something else? Give reasons for your answer.

2. Section Outline Section 21-1 • 21–1 The Kingdom Fungi A. What Are Fungi? B. Structure and Function of Fungi C. Reproduction in Fungi D. How Fungi Spread

3. Nuclei Cell wall Cytoplasm Cross wall Nuclei Cytoplasm Cell wall Hyphae Structure Section 21-1 Hyphae With Cross Walls Hyphae Without Cross Walls

4. Figure 21-2 The Structure of a Mushroom Section 21-1 Fruiting body Hyphae Mycelium

5. Interest Grabber Section 21-2 Fungi and You • Believe it or not, fungi play an important role in your life. The bread you eat, the salad you make, and the medicine that you take when you are sick may include various types of fungi. • 1. List as many examples of fungi that you can. • 2. How are fungi helpful to humans? • 3. How are fungi harmful to humans?

6. Section Outline Section 21-2 • 21–2 Classification of Fungi A. The Common Molds 1. Structure and Function of Bread Mold 2. Life Cycle of Molds B. The Sac Fungi 1. Life Cycle of Sac Fungi 2. Yeasts C. The Club Fungi 1. Life Cycle of Club Fungi 2. Diversity of Club Fungi 3. Edible and Inedible Mushrooms D. The Imperfect Fungi

7. Deuteromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Concept Map Section 21-2 Fungi are divided into the phyla includes includes includes includes Common molds Sac fungi Club fungi Imperfect fungi

8. Zygospore (2N) Sporangium Gametangia Spores (N) Sporangium Zygospore (2N) + Mating type (N) Stolons Spores (N) - Mating type (N) Sporangiophore Rhizoids Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus Section 21-2 FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Diploid Haploid

9. Fruiting body (N + N) Hyphae (N + N) Ascus (N + N) Zygote (2N) Hyphae (N) Asci Gametangia + Mating type (N) - Mating type (N) Ascus Conidia (N) 8 Ascospores (N) Hypha (N) Conidiophore Hypha (N) Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete Section 21-2 Diploid Haploid FERTILIZATION HYPHAE FUSE MEIOSIS Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

10. Fruiting body (N + N) Gills lined with basidia Gills Cap Stalk Button Base Basidia (N + N) Secondary mycelium (N + N) Primary mycelium (N) Zygote (2N) - Mating type (N) + Mating type (N) Basidiospores (N) Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete Section 21-2 FERTILIZATION HYPHAE FUSE Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS

11. Interest Grabber Section 21-3 Which Fungi Are They? • You may recall that decomposers break down the remains of other organisms. Parasites are organisms that harm other organisms while living on or within them. Some live in close contact and form a mutually beneficial association with other species.

12. Interest Grabber continued Section 21-3 Classify each of the following fungi as decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species. • 1. A network of fungi covers the roots of fir trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water. • 2. Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy corn kernels. • 3. Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food from the decaying wood.

13. Section Outline Section 21-3 • 21–3 Ecology of Fungi A. All Fungi Are Heterotrophs B. Fungi as Decomposers C. Fungi as Parasites 1. Plant Diseases 2. Human Diseases 3. Other Animal Diseases D. Symbiotic Relationships 1. Lichens 2. Mycorrhizae

14. Lichen Structure Section 21-3 Densely packed hyphae Layer of algae/ cyanobacteria Loosely packed hyphae Densely packed hyphae

15. Video Fungi Video 1 • Click the image to play the video segment.

16. Go Online Internet • Interactive test • Articles on fungi • For links on fungi go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-6211. • For links on asexual reproduction, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-6212.

17. Interest Grabber Answers • 1. What are some things that you know about mushrooms? • Possible answers: Mushrooms grow from the soil in dark, damp places. They are eaten by animals, including people. They are soft. • 2. Would you classify mushrooms as an animal, a plant, or something else? Give reasons for your answer. • Students will likely say that mushrooms should be classified as something other than plants or animals. Possible reasons: Mushrooms grow in soil, as plants do, but they aren’t green. Mushrooms aren’t animals because they don’t move from place to place as animals do. Section 1 Answers

18. Interest Grabber Answers • 1. List as many examples of fungi that you can. • Mushrooms, mold, yeast, mildew, truffles • 2. How are fungi helpful to humans? • They are sources of food and are used in making bread, wine, and medicines. • 3. How are fungi harmful to humans? • Some are poisonous and can cause illness or death. Section 2 Answers

19. Interest Grabber Answers Section 3 Answers • Classify each of the following fungi as decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species. • 1. A network of fungi covers the roots of fir trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water. • Organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species • 2. Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy corn kernels. • Parasites • 3. Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food from the decaying wood. • Decomposers

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