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BEBERAPA MACAM SUMBER ENERGI : Energi Fosil Energi Transfer Elektron Energi Nuklir

BEBERAPA MACAM SUMBER ENERGI : Energi Fosil Energi Transfer Elektron Energi Nuklir Energi Sinar Matahari Energi Gelombang Laut Energi Mikrohidro Energi Air Energi Panas Bumi Energi Gelombang Mikro. BAB 8 ENERGI TRANSFER ELEKTRON. CONTOH APPLIKASI ENERGI TRANSFER ELECTRON.

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BEBERAPA MACAM SUMBER ENERGI : Energi Fosil Energi Transfer Elektron Energi Nuklir

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  1. BEBERAPA MACAM SUMBER ENERGI : Energi Fosil Energi Transfer Elektron Energi Nuklir Energi Sinar Matahari Energi Gelombang Laut Energi Mikrohidro Energi Air Energi Panas Bumi Energi Gelombang Mikro

  2. BAB 8 ENERGI TRANSFER ELEKTRON

  3. CONTOH APPLIKASIENERGI TRANSFER ELECTRON ENERGI BERASAL DARI BATEREI

  4. ”Batteries “adalah sistem sumber energi yang berasal dari perubahan secara langsung energi kimia menjadi energi listrik dan bersifat portable dan transportable. Baterei dalam dalam sistim “ CELL GALVANIK “

  5. Baterei Ni-Cd • “ Batteries “ bersumber dari dua proses • transfer elektron : • Logam cadmium dioksidasi • Logam nikel direduksi Reaksi Paruh ( Half Reaction) : Reaksi Oksidasi : Cd  Cd2+ + 2 e– Reaksi Reduksi :2 Ni3+ + 2 e– 2 Ni2+ Reaksi total : 2 Ni3+ + Cd  2 Ni2+ + Cd2+ Reaksi Oksidasi adalah reaksi pelepasan elektron : Cd  Cd2+ + 2 e– Reaksi Reduksi adalah reaksi penerimaan elektron : 2 Ni3+ + 2 e– 2Ni2+

  6. Baterei Ni-Cd Electroda(konduktor electrik) tempat terjadinya transfer elektron Beda potensial elektrokimia dari dua elektroda disebut sebagai Voltase (dlm satuanvolt). Reduksi terjadi padakatoda Oksidasi terjadi pada anoda

  7. A Laboratory Galvanic Cell Oksidasi pd anoda : Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) Reduksi pdkatoda : Cu2+(aq) Cu(s)

  8. Alkaline Cell / Baterei Alkali

  9. Baterei Merkurikeuntungannya ukurannya kecil Dipakai pada Jam, Kamera dan Alat bantu pendengaran Kerugiannya adalah limbahmerkuri yang toksik

  10. Konsumsi Merkuri dari tahun 1970 - 1995

  11. Baterei Lead (Pb) ( Aki Mobil )

  12. Baterei Lead (Pb) ( Aki Mobil ) • Reaksi overall : • Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) 2 PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) • Katodadibuat dari logam Pb, anodadari Pb oksida • Larutan electrolitadalah asam sulfat • Reaksinya dapat balik • Produk Pb Sulfatterikat pada electroda, jika dikenakan tegangan dari luar reaksi dapat berjalan balik ( salah satu cara pemeliharaan aki)

  13. Baterei Lead-Asam (Pb) ( Aki Mobil ) • Batterei Lead-acid disebut sebagai “storage batteries”, karena terjadi “ charge-dischargecycle “ • Batterei digunakan pada automobile • Batterei is discharged in order to start the engine • Once the engine is running and burning gasoline, it turns an alternator which recharges the battery. The process can continue for up to 5 years of normal driving • After five years, enough of the lead sulfate product has been shaken off the plates that it can no longer recharge

  14. Baterei Lead (Pb) ( Aki Mobil ) • Lead-acid batteries are also used in environments where vehicles cannot emit combustion products: • Indoor forklifts, golf carts, handicapped carts in airports, wheelchairs, mobil baterei • Lead is an environmental concern! • How do we dispose of the millions and millions of • batteries which die each year? • There is a very succesful recycling program in the • U.S. – 97% of spent batteries are recycled • But environmentally healthier options are under • investigation • A leading contender is the magnesium-acid battery (less green than Pb-Acid batterei

  15. FUEL CELL • A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy • conversion device. • It produces electricity from external supplies • of fuel (anode side)and oxidant (cathode side). • A fuel cell is similar to a battery in that an • electrochemical reaction is used to create • electric current. • Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they • consume reactant, which must be replenished, • while batteries store electrical energy chemically • in a closed system.

  16. Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in • remote locations, such as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, rural locations, and in certain military applications. • A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact, lightweight and has no major moving parts. • Because fuel cells have no moving parts, and do not involve combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliability.

  17. Toyota FCHV PEM FC fuel cell vehicle The world's first certified Fuel Cell Boat (HYDRA), Karl-Heine Kanal in Leipzig, Germany Micro-fuel cell developed by Fraunise ISE for use in applications such as cellular phones A hydrogen fuel cell public bus accelerating at traffic lights in Perth, Western Australia

  18. FUEL CELL A fuel cell consists of an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte as sandwich. Electrolyte is a specialized material that allows ions to pass but blocks electrons. Doped zirconia electrolyte

  19. FUEL CELL 1. SOFC memilikikatoda keramikutk ionisasi oksigen. Katodanyaberporiagar udara dapat melewati 2. Ions oksigen terdiffusisepanjangelektrolit keramik 3. Pada anoda, ion oxygen bereaksidengan hidrogen menghasilkanair dan elektron. 4. Electrons tidak dapat menembus electrolit dan menuju penampung (load).

  20. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( SOFCs ) A solid oxide fuel cell adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengubah bahan bakar gas (hidrogen, gas alam, gas batubara) menjadi listrik secara electrokimia Udaradisuplai pada Katoda (air electrode), pada katoda terjadi ionisasi molekul O2

  21. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( SOFCs ) • O2 dimasuhkan pada katoda untuk dionisasi menjadi O2- • Ion O2 meliwati elektrolit menuju anoda untuk melakukan • reaksi dengan gas H2 untuk menghasilkan elektron dan • air H2 + O2- H2O + 2e-

  22. FUEL CELL EFFICIENCY • Untuk cell dengan kapasitas 0.7 V memiliki efficiensi sebesar kira-kira 50%. • 50% energihidrogen dirubah menjadi listrik • 50% energi sisa dirubah menjadi panas

  23. Solar Cell? • Solar Cell adalah sistim yang merubah sinar matahari • menjadi energi listrik DC • Solar Cell memberikan kapasitas listrik (Volt) Power = Current x Voltage=Current2 x R= Voltage2/R • Solar Cell mirip baterei karena memberikan sumber • listrik DC. • Solar Cell tidak seperti baterei karena volt disuplai oleh • perubahan dalam cell dan perubahan dalam tahanan load

  24. Prinsip Kerja Solar cell • Operating diode in fourth quadrant generates power

  25. CdTe/CdS Solar Cell CdTe : Bandgap 1.5 eV; Koeffisien 10 x daripada Si CdS : Bandgap 2.5 eV; Acts as window layer Keterbatasan : Kualitas Jelek dari p-CdTe (~ 0.1 Wcm2)

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