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Janet Belsky’s Experiencing the Lifespan, 2e

This text explores the history and theories of attachment in infancy, including the work of behaviorists, ethologists, and John Bowlby. It discusses attachment milestones, Ainsworth's attachment styles, and the impact of caregiver behavior and infant temperament on attachment. Additionally, it examines the effects of poverty on development and Erikson's theory of autonomy versus shame and doubt in toddlerhood.

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Janet Belsky’s Experiencing the Lifespan, 2e

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  1. Janet Belsky’sExperiencing the Lifespan, 2e Chapter 4: Infancy: Socioemotional Development Meredyth Fellows, West Chester University of PA

  2. Attachment: The Basic Life Bond • History • Behaviorists (Watson, Skinner) minimized human attachment need • Believed “maternal reinforcing stimulus” created infant’s need to be close to caregiver • John Watson, strict ____________ • Video

  3. Attachment: History • Ethologists: early evolutionary psychologists • _____________(1935): • research with goslings • “biologically programmed attachment response”

  4. Attachment: History • Harry Harlow (1959) • Experiment with monkeys • Refuted behaviorists ideas • Contact comfort important to bonding • Video 1 Video 2 • John Bowlby (’69, ’73, ’80) • Primary attachment figure _________________________________________

  5. Attachment Response • Bowlby (’69, ’73) (Video) • Critical period for attachment response • Proximity-seeking behavior—activated by threats to survival at any age • Threats may be activated by our internal state • Threats may be evoked by external world dangers • Attachment Theory-Video

  6. Attachment Milestones • Pre-attachment Stage—birth to 3 mos. • Reflex dominated time • 2 months, social smile (example of automatic reflex, not in response to attachment figure) • Social smile evokes care and love

  7. Attachment Milestones, cont’d • Attachment in themaking—4 to 7 mos. • Slight preference for caregivers, but still respond to everyone • Clear-cut (focused) attachment—7 to 8 mos. • Stranger-anxiety and separation anxiety appear • Social-referencing

  8. The Strange Situation: Mary Ainsworth Video • Measures individual variations in attachment response during “clear-cut” stage • Planned separations and reunions of child and primary caregiver

  9. Ainsworth’s Attachment Styles • ___________ Attached • Child uses primary caregiver as a secure base from which to explore • Child reacts with joy upon caregiver’s return • Video

  10. Ainsworth’s Attachment Styles • Insecurely Attached • Avoidant • Appear detached; indifferent upon mother’s return • ______________________ • Clingy, fearful, fear of exploration • Severe distress when mother leaves; contradictory emotions upon return; often inconsolable • __________________________ • Bizarre behaviors; may freeze, look frightened, may flee • Often result of abuse

  11. Attachment: The Caregiver • Insecurely attached babies may have parents who are: • Overly intrusive • Misread signals • Depressed • Slower to react to baby’s cues

  12. Attachment and Child’s Temperament • Temperament—________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Easy • Slow to Warm-up • Difficult • Baby’s temperament and quality of caregiving will determine attachment style

  13. Attachment: Summary • Early life is sensitive period for attachment (not critical period) • Attachment may change over time • Forces influencing attachment styles: • Nurture provided by primary caregiver • Infant’s temperament • Other environmental forces

  14. Settings for DevelopmentPoverty in the United States • ___________________________ (Federal government definition) • An income levels that allows a household to pay for shelter, food, and clothing, with a small amount left over. • ___________(Child Advocates’ term) • The real minimum income it takes for a family to decently make ends meet in the U.S.

  15. Poverty in the U.S.: Statistics • Federal government: 1 out of every 5 children • Low income criterion, 43% • Poverty most common during child’s first 5 years of life • Single motherhood • Inadequate wages

  16. Poverty and Development • Strong negative impact on academic performance • Less access to quality preschools, enriching toys, trips to museums • Health-compromising conditions at birth (e.g. low birth weight) • Stressed, low-income mothers may have less patience with irritable infants/children • Crowded living and unsafe environment

  17. Toddlerhood: Erik Erikson’sAge of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

  18. Toddlerhood: 1-2 years • Task of toddlerhood: to be autonomous selves • Understanding of “self” and self-conscious emotions appear • May feel proud or ashamed • Need to explore • Erikson’s negative outcome: _________________

  19. Do Shy and Exuberant Children Differ Dramatically in Self-Control? • Research demonstrates: • Toddlers at the high end of the fearless, joyous, and angry continuum show less “___________” at age 4 • These toddlers’ exuberant impulses are difficult to dampen • Does power assertion work when disciplining? • Better to redirect behavior and provide positive reinforcement

  20. Guidelines for Socialization according to Temperament • Shy • Do not overprotect • Gently expose to new situations • _______________ • Develop strong attachment bond • Resist power assertion

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