Marx and Engels

1. Marx and Engels

2. Marx’s Theory of History System Ruling Class Others Type of Gov’t

3. The Communist Manifesto A spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.

4. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.

5. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.

6. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other -- bourgeoisie and proletariat.

7. The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself. But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons -- the modern working class -- the proletarians.

8. Masses of workers, crowded into factories, are organized like soldiers.

9. All previous movements were movements of minorities, or in the interests of minorities.

10. The proletarian revolution is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority. . .

11. . . . in the interests of the immense majority.

12. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our society, cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air.

13. We communists disdain to conceal our view and aims.

14. We openly declare that our ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions.

15. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communistic revolution. The proletatrians have nothing to lose but their chains.

16. They have a world to win.

17. Workers of the world, unite!