生物科技對社會之影響

1. SJW 生物科技對社會之影響

2. 大綱 • 從『傳統醫德』走向『生命倫理』 • 基因改造作物 (Genentic Modified Organism) • 基因轉殖動物與異種移植 (Transgenic Animal & Xeno-transplantation) • 基因篩檢及診斷 (Genetic Screening/Diagnosis)

3. 大綱 • 基因治療：體細胞與生殖細胞 (Gene therapy:Somatic and Germ-line ) • 幹細胞研究(Stem cell research) • 動物及人類無性生殖 (Animal and Human Cloning)

4. Medical Ethics • Systematic study of and popular debate on the moral problems raised by medical practice. • The standard of professional competence and conduct which the medical profession expexts of it members. (Boyd , The new dictionary of medical ethics , 1977)

5. Bioethics • A science of survival in the ecological science ,an interdisciplinary study aimed at ensuring the preservation of the biosphere. • The growing interest in the ethical issues arising from the health care and the arising from the health care and the biomedical science. biomedical science. ~Van Rensseelaer Potter 1970~ ~Helga Kuhse & Peter Singer 1998~

6. The Ethics Industry? • Medical Ethics • Clinical Ethics • Nursing Ethics • Psychiatric Ethics • Health Care Ethics

7. The Ethics Industry? • Biomedical Ethics • Environmental Ethics • Animal Welfare Animal Welfare • Bioethics How medicine has saved the life of moral philosophy ?

8. 基因改造作物Genetic Modified Organism

10. 1953 Double Helix DNA 2001 Human Gene Sequence • Watson and Crick ,the molecular structure of nucleic acids. • Copying mechanism for genetic materal,clue to chemistry of herediary. • What is it to be a human? • Is there a perfect form of humanity? • Can it be achieved by human choice? • Eugenics,genetic engineering and gerntic control.

11. Bio—genetic Progress • 1986基因轉植羊polly含人類凝血因子 • 1990基因轉植豬Genie • 1990基因治療四歲先天免疫機能障礙(ADA defect)小女孩 • 1997年無性生殖複製(cloning)羊Dolly、鼠、豬、牛、羊？

12. Bio—genetic Progress • 2000人類基因序列圖譜完成 • 2001第一例基因轉植猴ANDi • 2001-9台灣第一頭複製牛畜寶早夭 • 2002-4台灣第一頭基因轉植複製豬酷比

13. 基因改造作物Genetic Modified Organism

16. Environmentalists say there has not been enough assessment of the risks of accidental releases of GMOs into the environment

17. 基因改造作物Genetic Modified Organism • 過敏原/抗藥性/基因污染風險、安全性與效益 • 商業控制、壟斷 • 民眾的認知及選擇的權利 • 人與植物、自然生態的關係 • 人有權力隨心所欲地去改造植物嗎?

18. 基因轉殖動物Transgenic Animal異種移植Xenotransplatation 動物複製Animal Cloning

19. Rare pig breed cloned • Scientists see a role for pig clones as organ suppliers for human transplants

20. Xenopus embryos:valuable even when they fail

21. Five Little Piggies Photo:PA/PPL Therapeutics

22. These five piglets,Gene Pig

23. Animal Cloning Hellow Dolly Poto:PA

24. Diagram of plant cloning through tissue culture propagation

25. Gurdon’s experiment to clone frog

26. Diagram of the nuclear transfer procedure the first cloned mammals

27. More Little Piggies Photo:Matt Gentry , AP / The Roanke Times

28. Moving on Photo : AP / Kyodo

29. New Lease on Life?

30. Copycat

31. Who’s She? The Cat’s Mother?

32. First cloned kitten-but it got an exact copycat Friday February 15 , 2002 Photo : PA

33. Australian scientist proposes recipe for cloning extinct

34. 基因轉殖動物、異種移植與動物複製 Transgenic、Xenotransplataion & Animal Cloning • 組織組織/器官遺傳工程(Tissue/Organ Engineering) • 動物實驗與人體試驗的倫理 • 動物病毒入侵人類動物病毒入侵人類(風險與安全) • 人與動物的關係 • 人有權力隨心所欲地去改造動物嗎?

35. 基因篩檢及診斷Genetic Screening & Diagnosis

36. The Purposes of Genetic testing • To confirm a clinical diagnosis. • To detect a genetic predisposition to a disease so that preventive measures can be taken or to help a patient prepare for the future. • To give parents the option of terminating a pregnancy or beginning treatment as early as possible. • To contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of disease.

37. Genetic testing and Screening • In the neonatal period • Prenatal • when couples are considering marriage or reproduction • when a person, on the basis of family history,recognizes that he or she has a higher-than average risk of developing a genetic disease

38. Characteristics of genetic information that create the ethical and legal responsibility • The implications of genetic information are simultaneously individual and familial; • Genetic information is often relevant to future disease; • And genetic testing often identifies disorders for which there are no effective treatments or preventive measures.

39. Common Ethical Issues of Genetic Testing • Informedconsent/Confidentiality • The potential for psychological distress and social harm • The resulting discrimination • Conflict of personal privacy and family interest (the duty to warn?) • Freedom and coercion in genetic testing • The access to the services

40. 基因篩檢及診斷Genetic Screening & Diagnosis • 基因資訊的獲得 • 基因資訊帶來的負擔 • 基因診斷結果的告知 • 對個人與家庭、家族的影響 • 基因隱私的保障 • 基因歧視、就學、就業、保險 • 基因決定論、社會正義議題

41. 基因治療：體細胞與生殖細胞Gene therapy: Somatic and Germ line

42. 內容取材 • 1. 台灣ELSI研究中心演講 • 2. 台大醫院蔡甫昌醫生有關ELSI演講及生物科技與生命倫理課程相關教材

43. Monkey business Photo : PA/Oregon regional primate research centre

46. 英國Clothier Committee「基因治療倫理」1992年 • 指導「基因治療倫理」思考的兩個基本原則: 1.人類與生俱來天性中擁有必須以合乎倫理的方式去探 索、鑽研、追求、應用科學研究的義務。 2.當對知識的追求與對病人利益的保護發生了無法避免的 衝突與緊張時，對病人利益的保護必須勝出。

47. HUGO-ELSI Committee • Statement on the Principled Conduct of Genetics Research (1996) • 承認人類基因體是全體人類共享遺產 (common heritage)的一部分。 • 遵從有關人權之國際規範。 • 尊重參與者之價值、傳統、文化及個人完整性。 • 接受並且維護人性尊嚴及自由

48. 基因治療：體細胞與生殖細胞Gene therapy: Somatic and Germ-line • 體細胞治療： • 新創醫學應用的倫理：尊重自主、不傷害、善益、正義 • 生殖細胞治療： • 醫源傷害、改變人種、未來世代的禍福、同意與埋怨、生殖自由權限、設計家寶寶、基因超市家寶寶、基因超市