History of Transition

1. History of Transition Tracey Williams Comprehensive Exam Fall 2008 1

2. Learning Objectives After each section the student will: 1) Identify events that have been important in shaping the present and the future of transition education? 2) Identify persons that have been important in shaping the present and the future of transition education? 3) Identify major contributors in the field of transition? Objectives

3. Early 1800s: Onset of DisabilityMid- 1800s: Civil War EraLate-1800s: Victorian Era 1900s-1950sWorld War I & II EraLegislation Researchers 1960s Vocational Education Movement1970s Career Education Movement Outline Part III Part I Part IV Part V Part II 1980s-1990sTransition Education Movement Accountability Movement2000s-current 3

4. 1960s-1970s1960s Vocational Education Movement * Educational climate * Legislation * Researchers1970s Career Education Movement* Educational climate * Legislation * Researchers Part III

5. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Educational Climate Teachers were not trained to teach areas outside of academics Some criticisms on the few secondary programs Job trainings restricted to few jobs Worked in only low-skilled positions Job training restricted for the blind Federal government began to show interest in children with disabilities through legislation Vocational Education Act of 1963 ESEA State operated school and hospitals

6. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Educational Climate Work study originated in Texas by Eskridge and Partridge Youth with MR were trained by teachers Youth needed more specific training Job hunting, analysis, placement, & work counseling Vocational Rehabilitation counselors assigned to schools by regions Successful model that spread nationally

7. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Educational Climate Civil Rights Movement Idea of Normalization Independent living Independent living unfolded within legislation Development of advocacy agencies 1961 Presidents Panel on Mental Retardation was formed

8. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Legislation 1963-Vocational Education Act Served disadvantaged children Served children with disabilities along with nondisabled peers Provided funding business education cooperative work study

9. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Legislation 1968-Vocational Education Act Amendments Broaden programs secondary post-secondary Emphasized the need for improved access Introduced-”set aside’ funding 10% special education 15% for disadvantaged children Each state must have and advisory committee Parents, teachers, vocation educators, higher education leaders Some states took five years to develop programs Kolstoe appointed to National Advisory Committee

10. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Researchers Jerry Chaffin (1969, 1971) Follow-up studies Work or vocational data for people with disabilities William Younie Leader in vocational education Defined work methods for vocational rehabilitation teachers & counselors Publications reflected inclusion practices

11. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Researchers Marc Gold Systematic training (dissertation) Youth who were severely MR Ground breaking quantitative studies Youth can perform complex assembly task in sheltered environment and with training Youth showed that rate of completion had no correlation to their disability

12. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Researchers More on Marc Gold “Try Another Way” 1972 methodology Train to tasks Utilize strengths Expect more All students can learn Supported employment Work was extended and refined Community-based competitive work Websites on Marc Gold http://www.marcgold.com/mglegacy_files/frame.html http://www.marcgold.com/aboutmarcgold.html http://www.marcgold.com/durginarticle.html32c Died of Parkinson Disease 1939-1982

13. On to the 70s

14. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement VE CE What do you believe are some differences between Vocational Education and Career Education ? vs

15. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate Career education defined 1) Sidney Marland,Commissioner of Education from 1970 to 1972 Preparing to earn a living and learn about living 2) Kenneth Hoyt, U.S. Office of Education Redefined career education 1975-totality of experiences through which one learns about and prepares for work (paid and unpaid) 1977- ways that help individual acquire and utilize knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for each to make work a meaningful, productive, and satisfying experience.

16. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate Career education defined by CEC 1977 Education that focuses on the roles a person is likely to play in his or her own lifetime such as Student Employee Recreator Family member Citizen Career education is what people do to learn how to engage in these roles.

17. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate Models of career education emerged. 1979- Life Centered Career Education Model (Brolin & Kokaska) 1979- School-based Career development and transition Education model (Clark 1979) 1981- Career Education for Exceptional Children and Youth (Gillet,1981)

18. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate cont’ Models of career education 1979- Life Centered Career Education Model (Brolin & Kokaska 1978) 3 categories with competencies Daily Living Skills Personal-Social Skills Occupational Guidance and Preparation Begin in kindergarten- throughout adultood Life Centered Education Approach articles\Brolin and Kokaska 79.pdf 5th edition 186 pages

19. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate cont’ Models of career education Who was Don Brolin? Chair of DCD for 2 years and organizer of it (along with Kolstoe) University of Columbia 1936-1996 Brolin (to the left) and Halpren at Alabama’s first annual conference- 1991

20. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate cont’ Models of career education Who was Charles Kokaska? Founding editor of DCDT President Elect for DCDT 1984-85 Written about topics such as: Epilepsy (he had epilepsy) Making it as a resource teacher Parent handbook for LCCS Disabled superheroes Disabled people in the bible Career education Job placement Elementary classroom techniques http://www.disabilityheroes.com/

21. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate cont’ Clark and Kolstoe Models of career education 1979,1980 Clark: School-based Career Development and Transition Education Model 1990,1995 Clark and Kolstoe : Clark and Kolstoe Career Development and Transition Education Model 2000,2006 Sitlington & Clark: Comprehensive Transition Education Services Models

22. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate Clarks Comprehensive Transition Education Services Models 9 domains Communication and Academic Performance Self-determination Interpersonal Relationships Integrated Community Participation Health and Fitness Independent/Interdependent daily Living Leisure and Recreational Employment Further Education and Training

23. Clarks Comprehensive Transition Education Services Models9 domains with Exit Points

24. Clarks Comprehensive Transition Education Services Models9 domains with Service Delivery Systems

25. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate cont’ Models of career education Who is Gary Clark? Collaborated with Kolstoe to write the principal textbook on transition. Focused on transition assessment with Jim Patton and developed one of the first assessments instruments in transition TPI transition planning Inventory (printed and computerized) Author, researcher, teacher, mentor Retired from University of Kansas 2008

26. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Educational Climate cont’ Models of career education 1981- Gillet Career education for Exceptional Children and Youth Specific type and degree of disability Continuum of services Cooperation from all

27. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Rehabilitation and Civil Rights Legislation 1970 Developmental Disabilities Bill of Rights Act expanded services and facility construction to persons with DD other than mental retardation 1973 Comprehensive Employment and Training Act Raised employment level for unemployed, unskilled youth and adults

28. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Rehabilitation Legislation 1973- Vocational Rehabilitation Act First Civil Rights Act for people with disabilities Equal opportunity and nondiscrimination in work place Section 503 Covered government employees or contractors Section 504 Covered nongovernment programs, services, & employment American with Disabilities Act and extension of section 504 will be discussed in the 1990s.

29. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Rehabilitation Legislation 1973- Vocational Rehabilitation Act 1983 and 1986 Rehabilitation Amendments Funds for supportive employment 1992 Rehabilitation Amendments To empower individual with disabilities to achieve economic self-sufficiency, independence, and inclusion and integration in to society. 1) Same transition definition in IDEA 2) Individualized written rehabilitation plan (IWRP) must be coordinated with IEP 3) Existing assessment data could be used 1998 Rehabilitation Amendments Discuss later during 1900s

30. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Special Education Legislation 1975- (PL 91-142) Education for all Handicapped Children Act FAPE Mandated IEP Forced Educators to focus on individual child Access to general education gained attention to career education for students with disabilities No mandates about transition Researches began to document poor outcomes for children with disabilities

31. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Special Education Legislation 1983 (PL98-199) Education for all Handicapped Children Act Amendments Authorized 6.6million dollars in funding to develop and support school-to-work Funded National Longitudinal Transition Study 1986 Amendments Reauthorized funding Part H mandated provisions services for early childhood

32. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Researchers Susan Brody Hasazi 1970s Mainstreaming Instructional practices Follow-up studies (Hasazi, Gordon, & Roe,1985) 1980s continued interest in mainstreaming/LRE postschool outcomes for students with disabilities 1990s IDEA mandates Interest emerging in educational leadership Today educational leadership parent/school partnerships Currently at University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont

33. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Researchers Lou Brown He retired in 2003 and is now an Emeritus Professor, Lecturer, Expert Witness and Consultant In 1971 he had over 15 publications Known for radical views Averaged 5 or more publication per year research interests development of service delivery models curricula and values that prepare individuals with disabilities to live, work, and play in integrated society

34. Part III1970s-Career Education Movement Researchers Frank Rusch “Identified as the 16th most productive researcher in the field of mental retardation during the past 20 years" by the Inside Illinois News Bureau newsletter Areas of interest: mental retardation, career development, supported employment, and transition. In the late 1980s co-director of the National Institute on Transition along with DeStephno studied problems associated with our past failure. ten characteristic for successful transition emerged

35. Part III1960s-Vocational Education Movement Discussion Question 1) Identify one or two events and/or people during the 1960’s and 1970’s that you feel have been most important in shaping transition practices? Explain why? Reflect: 2) In your experiences, how did the events or people you identified influence your practices in transition?