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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Bonds and Their Valuation. Chapter 7 Topic Overview. Bond Characteristics Annual and Semi-Annual Bond Valuation Reading Bond Quotes Finding Returns on Bonds Bond Risk and Other Important Bond Valuation Relationships. Bond Characteristics.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Bonds and Their Valuation

  2. Chapter 7 Topic Overview • Bond Characteristics • Annual and Semi-Annual Bond Valuation • Reading Bond Quotes • Finding Returns on Bonds • Bond Risk and Other Important Bond Valuation Relationships

  3. Bond Characteristics • Par (or Face) Value (M) = stated face value that is the amount the issuer must repay, usually $1,000 • Coupon Interest Rate • Coupon (INT) = Coupon Rate x Face Value • Maturity Date = when the face value is repaid. • A legal contract called the bond indenture specifies these values. • This makes a bond’s cash flows look like this:

  4. INT INTINT+M 0 1 2 . . . n Bond Valuation • Discount the bond’s cash flows at the investor’s required rate of return. • the coupon payment (INT) stream (an annuity). • the par (M) value payment (a lump sum). • V = INT (PVA r, n) + M /(1+r)n

  5. Bond Valuation Example #1 • Duff’s Beer has $1,000 par value bonds outstanding that make annual coupon payments. These bonds have a 7.5% annual coupon rate and 15 years left to maturity. Bonds with similar risk have a required return of 9%, and Moe Szyslak thinks this required return is reasonable. • What’s the most that Moe is willing to pay for a Duff’s Beer bond?

  6. 1000 ? 75 75 75 . . . 75 0 1 2 3 . . . 15 r = 9%

  7. Let’s Play with Example #1 • Homer Simpson is interested in buying a Duff Beer bond but demands an 7.5 percent required return. • What is the most Homer would pay for this bond?

  8. 1000 ? 75 75 75 . . . 75 0 1 2 3 . . . 15 r = 7.5%

  9. Let’s Play with Example #1 some more. • Barney (belch!) Gumble is interested in buying a Duff Beer bond and demands on a 6 percent required return. • What is the most Barney (belch!) would pay for this bond?

  10. 1000 ? 75 75 75 . . . 75 0 1 2 3 . . . 15 r = 6%

  11. Lesson from Example 1: Bond Prices and Interest Rates have an inverse relationship!

  12. r > Coupon Interest Rate r = Coupon Interest Rate P0 < par value P0 = par value DISCOUNT PAR = = r < Coupon Interest Rate P0> par value PREMIUM = Another Example 1 Lesson: Bond Premiums and Discounts • What happens to bond values if required return is not equal to the coupon rate? • The bond's price will differ from its par value

  13. Bonds with Semiannual Coupons • Double the number of years, and divide required return and annual coupon by 2. Vd = INT/2(PVAr/2,2n) + M /(1+r/2)2n

  14. Semiannual Example • Kwickee-Mart has an $1000 par value bond with an annual coupon rate of 6% that pays coupons semiannually with 20 years left to maturity. What is the most you would be willing to pay for this bond if your required return is 7% APR? • Semiannual coupon = 6%/2($1000) = $30 • 20x2 = 40 remaining coupons

  15. 1000 30 30 30 . . . 30 0 1 2 3 . . . 40

  16. Bond Yields • Current Yield - Annual coupon payments divided by bond price. • Yield To Maturity - Interest rate for which the present value of the bond’s payments equal the price. Also known as the market’s required rate of return. • Yield To Maturity = total expected return = current yield + expected capital gains yield (change in price)

  17. Yield Definitions

  18. Bond Yields Calculating Yield to Maturity (YTM=r) If you are given the price of a bond (PV) and the coupon rate, the yield to maturity can be found by solving for r.

  19. Yield to Maturity Example • Burns Power $1000 face value bond with a 5% coupon rate paid annually with 10 years left to maturity sells for $890. • What is this bond’s yield to maturity?

  20. 1000 -890 50 50 50 . . . 50 0 1 2 3 . . . 10 What is bond’s YTM? What is the bond’s current yield?

  21. Rate Ask Yield Coupon rate of 8.5% Yield to maturity on the ask price Bid price:the price traders receive if they sell a bond to the dealer. Quoted in increments of 32nds of a %age of par Bid prices Ask prices (percentage of par value) Ask price:the price traders pay to the dealer to buy a bond Bid-ask spread: difference between ask and bid prices. U.S. Treasury Bond Quotations

  22. Verifying the T-bond’s YTM (Ask Yld) • Par Value = $1000, semi-annual coupons • Ask Price = 136.969%($1000) = $1,369.69 • INT/2 = 8.5%($1000)/2 = $42.50 • N = 2020-2007 = 13, 2N = 26

  23. Causes of Bond Price Changes Since a bond’s cash flows are fixed: • Changes in interest rates, and • Passage of time. cause changes in a bond’s price.

  24. Bond Value Changes Over Time • Returning to the Duff’s Beer original example #1, where r = 9%, N = 15, C (PMT) = $75, par (FV) = $1000, & PV = $879.09. • What is bond value one year later when N = 14 and r is still = 9%?

  25. Bond values over time • At maturity, the value of any bond must equal its par value. • If rd remains constant: • The value of a premium bond would decrease over time, until it reached $1,000. • The value of a discount bond would increase over time, until it reached $1,000. • A value of a par bond stays at $1,000.

  26. Changes in Bond Value over Time • What would happen to the value of these three bonds is bond if its required rate of return remained at 10%: VB 1,184 1,000 816 13% coupon rate 10% coupon rate. 7% coupon rate Years to Maturity 10 5 0

  27. What about this? • What if Barney buys Duff Bond at $1145.68 with n =15 and sells at r = 7% with n = 14. What is his return?

  28. Interest Rate Risk • Measures Bond Price Sensitivity to changes in interest rates. • In general, long-term bonds have more interest rate risk than short-term bonds. • Also, for bonds with same time to maturity, lower coupon bonds have more interest rate risk than higher coupon bonds.

  29. Interest Rate Risk Example • Recall from our earlier example (#1), the 15-year, 7.5% annual coupon bond has the following values at kd = 6%, 7.5%, & 9%. Let’s compare with a 2-yr, 7.5% annual coupon bond. • 15-year bond2-year bond r=6%: PV = $1,145.68 PV = $1,027.50 r=7.5%: PV = $1,000 PV = $1,000 r=9%: PV = $879.09 PV = $973.61

  30. Interest Rate Risk: Bond Price Sensitivity Graph

  31. Reinvestment rate risk • Reinvestment rate risk is the concern that rd will fall, and future CFs will have to be reinvested at lower rates, hence reducing income. EXAMPLE: Suppose you just won $500,000 playing the lottery. You intend to invest the money and live off the interest.

  32. Reinvestment rate risk example • You may invest in either a 10-year bond or a series of ten 1-year bonds. Both 10-year and 1-year bonds currently yield 10%. • If you choose the 1-year bond strategy: • After Year 1, you receive $50,000 in income and have $500,000 to reinvest. But, if 1-year rates fall to 3%, your annual income would fall to $15,000. • If you choose the 10-year bond strategy: • You can lock in a 10% interest rate, and $50,000 annual income.

  33. Conclusions about interest rate and reinvestment rate risk • CONCLUSION: Nothing is riskless!

  34. Default Risk • Credit risk • Default premium • Investment grade • Speculative grade (Junk bonds)

  35. Default Risk

  36. Callable Bonds & the effect of a call provision • Allows issuer to refund the bond issue if rates decline (helps the issuer, but hurts the investor). • Borrowers are willing to pay more, and lenders require more, for callable bonds. • Most bonds have a deferred call and a declining call premium.

  37. A 10-year, 10% semiannual coupon bond selling for $1,135.90 can be called in 4 years for $1,050, what is its yield to call (YTC)? • The bond’s yield to maturity can be determined to be 8%. Solving for the YTC is identical to solving for YTM, except the time to call is used for N and the call premium is FV. 8 - 1135.90 50 1050 INPUTS N I/YR PV PMT FV OUTPUT 3.568

  38. Yield to call • 3.568% represents the periodic semiannual yield to call. • YTCNOM = rNOM = 3.568% x 2 = 7.137% is the rate that a broker would quote. • The effective yield to call can be calculated • YTCEFF = (1.03568)2 – 1 = 7.26%

  39. If you bought these callable bonds, would you be more likely to earn the YTM or YTC? • The coupon rate = 10% compared to YTC = 7.137%. The firm could raise money by selling new bonds which pay 7.137%. • Could replace bonds paying $100 per year with bonds paying only $71.37 per year. • Investors should expect a call, and to earn the YTC of 7.137%, rather than the YTM of 8%.

  40. When is a call more likely to occur? • In general, if a bond sells at a premium, then (1) coupon rate > rd, so (2) a call is more likely. • So, expect to earn: • YTC on premium bonds. • YTM on par & discount bonds.

  41. Sinking Fund • Provision to pay off a loan over its life rather than all at maturity. • Similar to amortization on a term loan. • Reduces risk to investor, shortens average maturity. • But not good for investors if rates decline after issuance.

  42. How are sinking funds executed? • Call x% of the issue at par, for sinking fund purposes. • Likely to be used if rd is below the coupon rate and the bond sells at a premium. • Buy bonds in the open market. • Likely to be used if rd is above the coupon rate and the bond sells at a discount.

  43. Other types (features) of bonds • Convertible bond – may be exchanged for common stock of the firm, at the holder’s option. • Warrant – long-term option to buy a stated number of shares of common stock at a specified price. • Putable bond – allows holder to sell the bond back to the company prior to maturity. • Income bond – pays interest only when interest is earned by the firm. • Indexed bond – interest rate paid is based upon the rate of inflation.

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