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Chapter Thirteen: Managing Your Fertility

Chapter Thirteen: Managing Your Fertility. Birth Control vs. Contraception. Birth control refers to all procedures and methods that can prevent the birth of a child Contraception refers to procedures used to prevent fertilization. Theoretical Effectiveness vs. Use Effectiveness.

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Chapter Thirteen: Managing Your Fertility

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  1. Chapter Thirteen: Managing Your Fertility

  2. Birth Control vs. Contraception • Birth control refers to all procedures and methods that can prevent the birth of a child • Contraception refers to procedures used to prevent fertilization

  3. Theoretical Effectiveness vs. Use Effectiveness • Theoretical effectiveness:Measure of a contraceptive method’s ability to prevent a pregnancy when the method is used precisely as directed during every act of intercourse • Use effectiveness:Measure of a contraceptive method’s ability to prevent a pregnancy whenused by the general public

  4. Selecting Your Contraceptive Method Considerations when choosing contraception • Safety • Effectiveness • Reliability • Reversibility • Affordability • Ease of use • Interference with sexual expression

  5. Behavioral Contraceptive Methods

  6. Behavioral Contraceptive Methods (cont.)

  7. Periodic Abstinence

  8. Over-the-Counter Contraceptive Methods • Spermicides • Foams • Creams • Jellies • Films • Suppositories • Condoms • Male • Female • Contraceptive sponge

  9. Over-the-Counter Contraceptive Methods

  10. Over-the-Counter Contraceptive Methods (cont.)

  11. Use of a Male Condom • Keep a supply on hand • Handle condoms with care • Put condom on before genital contact • Lubricate the condom • Take care the condom is not dislodged from penis • Inspect condom for tears before discarding

  12. Prescription Contraceptive Methods • Diaphragm • Lea’s Shield • FemCap • Intrauterine device (IUD) • Oral contraceptives • Combined pills • Minipills • Injectable contraceptive • Contraceptive implant • Contraceptive ring • Contraceptive patch

  13. Prescription Birth Control Methods

  14. Use of a Diaphragm

  15. Prescription Birth Control Methods(cont.)

  16. Prescription Birth Control Methods(cont.)

  17. Prescription Birth Control Methods(cont.)

  18. Emergency Contraception (plan B) • Contraceptive measured used to prevent pregnancy within a few days of unprotected intercourse • Hormonal or IUD insertion • “Morning after” pill; not RU-486 (“abortion pill”) • Plan B available behind the pharmacy counter • Those under age 18 must have a prescription • Will not cause abortion or affect established pregnancy

  19. Sterilization • Sterilization = Generally permanent birth control techniques that surgically disrupt the normal passage of ova or sperm • Vasectomy: Removal of a section of the vas deferens • Tubal ligation: Fallopian tubes are cut and the ends tied back

  20. Male Sterilization: Vasectomy

  21. Female Sterilization: Tubal Ligation

  22. Abortion: Termination of a Pregnancy • First Trimester Procedures • Manual vacuum aspiration • Procedure performed by dilating the cervix and removing uterine contents • Dilation and suction curettage (D&C) • Procedure in which the cervical canal is dilated to allow the uterine wall to be scraped • Medication abortion • RU-486 (mifepristone) blocks the action of progesterone and causes the lining of the uterus to break down

  23. Abortion: Termination of a Pregnancy (cont.) • Second Trimester Procedures • Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) • Performed between 13 and 16 weeks of pregnancy • Cervix is dilated and contents are removed by suction • Rarely used procedures • Hypertonic saline procedure • Prostaglandin procedure

  24. Dilation and Evacuation

  25. Abortion: Termination of a Pregnancy (cont.) • Partial-birth abortion • Federal ban • Third-trimester abortion procedures • Hysterotomy • Hysterectomy

  26. Pregnancy Obstacles to Fertilization • Acid level in the vagina • Cervical mucus thickness • Location of cervical entrance for sperm • Location of the correct fallopian tube for sperm • Distance sperm travels • Motility of sperm

  27. Aids to Fertilization • 200-500 million sperm cells are deposited into the vagina during ejaculation • Sperm are deposited near the cervical opening • Male accessory glands help make the semen nonacidic • Uterine contractions aid sperm movement in the proper direction • Sperm cells move fairly quickly • Sperm can live for days • Cervical mucus is thin and watery at the time of ovulation

  28. Fertilization and Implantation

  29. Signs of Pregnancy (Presumptive) • Missed menstrual period after sexual intercourse the previous month • Morning sickness • Increase in size and tenderness of breasts • Darkening of the areolar tissue around the nipples

  30. Signs of Pregnancy (Probable) • Increased frequency of urination • Increased in the size of the abdomen • Cervix becomes softer by the sixth week • Positive pregnancy test

  31. Signs of Pregnancy (Positive) • Determination of a fetal heart beat • Feeling of the fetus moving (“quickening”) • Observations of the fetus by ultrasound or optical viewers

  32. Agents that Can Damage a Fetus • Rubella/herpes viruses • Tobacco smoke • Alcohol • Certain OTC drugs • Radiation • Accutane (acne drug)

  33. Intrauterine Development • Three trimesters (13 weeks each) • First trimester • Zygote • Blastocyst • Embryo • Fetus (after 8 weeks) • Second trimester: Organs develop, fetal heartbeat and bone structure evident, prominent weight gain in the mother • Third trimester: Fetus increases weight from 2-3 pounds; absorption of major nutrients allowing increased growth and weight

  34. Three Stages of Labor • Effacement/dilation of the cervix: • Uterine contractions thin the cervix and enlarge the cervical opening • Cervix opens to 10 cm during this stage • Delivery of the fetus: • Uterine contractions are aided by mother’s voluntary contractions of abdominal muscles • Fetus moves through the birth canal • Delivery of the placenta: • Placenta detaches from uterine wall

  35. Stages of Labor and Childbirth

  36. Cesarean Deliveries (C-section) • Fetus is removed from the uterus through the abdominal wall • Possibly due to one or more of the following factors: • Fetus is improperly positioned • Mother’s pelvis is too small • Fetus is especially large • Fetus shows signs of distress • Umbilical cord is compressed • Placenta is being delivered before the fetus • Mother’s health is at risk

  37. Causes of Infertility • Low sperm count • Poor sperm motility • Sperm abnormalities • Lack of ovulation • Obstruction of fallopian tubes

  38. Enhancing Fertility • Cold packs on the scrotum (men) • Boxer shorts vs. briefs (men) • Increase intercourse frequency

  39. Treatments for Infertility • Artificial insemination • Surgical procedures • Fertility drugs • Assisted reproductive technology • In vitro fertilization • Gamete intrafallopian transfer • Zygote intrafallopian transfer • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

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