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list #1 textbook pp. D38 to D39 magnitude of stars 2 factors of stars’ magnitudes apparent magnitude absolute magnitude

science5 ch. 2D: STARS. list #1 textbook pp. D38 to D39 magnitude of stars 2 factors of stars’ magnitudes apparent magnitude absolute magnitude temp & size of blue stars red stars’ temperature Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 4 relationships shown on H-R diagram main sequence stars

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list #1 textbook pp. D38 to D39 magnitude of stars 2 factors of stars’ magnitudes apparent magnitude absolute magnitude

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  1. science5 ch. 2D: STARS • list #1 textbook pp. D38 to D39 • magnitude of stars • 2 factors of stars’ magnitudes • apparent magnitude • absolute magnitude • temp & size of blue stars • red stars’ temperature • Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram • 4 relationships shown on H-R diagram • main sequence stars • % of stars on main sequence • list #2 textbook pp. D40-41 • nebula • protostar • stable main sequence star • dying, red giant star • why red giant forms • planetary nebula • white dwarf • neutron star* • supernova* • black hole* • * in notes 1.

  2. HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM: RELATES STAR BRIGHTNESS AND TEMPERATURE • A GRAPH WITH A VERTICAL “y” AXIS AT LEFT, “x” AXIS ACROSS BOTTOM • RELATES ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE ( y ) AS FUNCTION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE ( x ) • ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE: TRUE BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR • DEPENDS ON SURFACE TEMPERATURE, STAR’S SIZE • APPARENT MAGNITUDE: BRIGHTNESS SEEN • AFFECTED BY DISTANCE FROM EARTH, SIZE, TEMPERATURE • MOST STARS FALL ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE • MAINSEQUENCE FORMS A DOWNWARD DIAGONAL FROM LEFT TO RIGHT • HOTTER STARS ARE BRIGHTER, COOLER ONES ARE DIMMER • MOSTLY DYING STARS ARE FOUND OFF THE MAIN SEQUENCE 5.

  3. 6.

  4. STARS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE, TEMPERATURE, AND BRIGHTNESS • STAR SIZEAFFECTS THE LIFE CYCLEOF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STARS • NORMAL STARS CAN BE AVERAGE (KNOWN AS DWARVES) OR GIANT STARS • “NORMAL” STARS BALANCE GRAVITY AND FUSION, ARE STABLE • MOST STARS ARE LIKE OUR SUN ARE DWARF, MEDIUM SIZED STARS • GIANT “NORMAL”STARS CAN BE 3 - 10 TIMES LARGER SUN • GIANT STARS ARE LESS COMMON • SIZE OF GIANT STARS’ CAUSES THEM TO BE HOTTER, BRIGHTER • MASS AND GRAVITY OF GIANT STARS CAUSE HOTTER TEMPERATURE • DYING STARSARE UNSTABLE AND COME IN SEVERAL TYPES • BLOATED SUPERGIANTS, EARTH-SIZED SMALL DWARFS • CITY-SIZED NEUTRONSTARS AND FIST-SIZED BLACKHOLES 3.

  5. SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND A STARS APPARENT COLOR • STAR SURFACE TEMPERATUREDETERMINES THE COLOR OF A STAR • STARS MANY BE FOUND IN MANY DIFFERENT COLORS • MOST STARS’ COLOR CAN ONLY BE SEEN USING CAMERAS • TWO TYPES OF COOLEST STARS ARE RED (ABOUT 3,000 degrees C) • 1) SMALL COOL NORMAL STARS • 2) DYING SUPERGIANT STARS • OUR SUN IS AN AVERAGE TEMPERATURE YELLOW STAR (5,500 deg) • NORMAL STARS HAVE MANY COLORS • COLORS IN MIDDLE OF SPECTRUM: ORANGE, YELLOW, GR EEN • THE HOTTEST STARS ARE BLUE-WHITE (OVER 10,000 degrees C) 4.

  6. THE LIFE CYCLE OF STARS • STARS ARE BORN IN NEBULAE (CLOUDS OF DUST AND GAS) • NEBULA MOSTLY HYDROGEN WITH SOME HELIUM, OTHER ELEMENTS • GRAVITY CONTRACTS CLOUD, CAUSES FRICTION, HEATS ATOMS • AT A CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (15 million0 C) FUSION BEGINS • PROTOSTARS (NEW STARS) FORMED WHEN FUSION BEGINS • FUSION: CREATES NEW ELEMENTS • NORMAL STARS FUSE 4 HYDROGEN ATOMS INTO 1 HELIUM, ENERGY • DYING STARS FUSE HEAVIER (LARGER) ATOMS • FUSION SOURCE OF A STAR’S ENERGY • MOST POWERFUL ENERGY SOURCE KNOWN 7.

  7. PROTOSTARSBEGIN TO STABILIZE AS GRAVITY AND FUSION BALANCE • STABLE STARS BALANCE GRAVITY, FUSION OF HYDROGEN • SMALL STARS ARE COOLER • USE THEIR "FUEL" MORE SLOWLY, LIVE MUCH LONGER • LARGER STARS ARE MUCH HOTTER • BURN THEIR "FUEL" MUCH MORE QUICKLY • LIVE VERY SHORT LIVES • AFTER MILLIONS OR BILLIONS OF YEARS, HYDROGEN RUNS OUT • STAR'S TEMPERATURE INCREASES TO USE NEW "FUELS“ • HEAT EXPANDS STAR, FORMING A RED GIANT OR RED SUPERGIANT • BEGINS THE DEATH CYCLE OF MOST STARS 7.

  8. THE DEATH STAGES OF DWARF-SIZED NORMAL STARS • DWARF(AVERAGE) STARS BECOME RED SUPERGIANTS • FUSING HEAVIER ELEMENTS CREATES MUCH MORE HEAT • INCREASED HEAT CAUSES STAR TO BECOME EXTREMELY LARGE • EXTREME SIZE CAUSES THE OUTER SHELL TO BECOME VERY COOL • SOON LOSEOUTER SHELLS, RING OF GAS RELEASED • THE RING OF GAS KNOWN AS A PLANETARY NEBULA • LEAVING THE STAR’S DENSE NUCLEAR EARTH-SIZED CORE • THE DYING CORES KNOWN AS A WHITE DWARF 8.

  9. THE DEATH STAGES OF GIANT NORMAL STARS • GIANT STARS BECOME RED SUPERGIANTS • SUPERGIANT BECOMES UNSTABLE, VIOLENTLY EXPLODE (SUPERNOVA) • ELEMENTS MADE DURING STAR'S LIFE RECYCLED BACK TO SPACE • EXTREMELY DENSE, CITY-SIZEDNEUTRON STARS LEFT • THE VERYLARGESTGIANT(NORMAL) STARS MAY BECOME BLACK HOLES • STARS 40 TIME THE SUN'S MASS MAY SUPERNOVA, THEN COLLAPSE • RARE ELEMENTS FORMED BY EXTREMELY HIGH TEMPERATURES • MASS LEFT HAS SO MUCH GRAVITY THAT LIGHT CANNOT ESCAPE • X-RAY TELESCOPES USED TO DETECT BLACK HOLES 9.

  10. GALILEOCONSTRUCTED 1ST EFFECTIVE REFRACTOR (1609) • REFRACTORS USE AT LEAST 2 LENSES AND A LONG TUBE • REFRACTOR ADVANTAGES: EASY TO TRANSPORT, STURDY, BRIGHT IMAGES • DISADVANTAGES: EXPENSIVE, DIFFICULT TO MAKE, DISTORT COLOR • GALILEO IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF ASTRONOMY • GALILEO’S HAD 2 INCH DIAMETER FRONT CONVEX LENS, 32xMAGNIFICATION • HE SAW SATURN'S RINGS, JUPITER'S MOONS, SUNSPOTS, PHASES OF VENUS • LARGEST TODAY: 100 YR. OLD 40" YERKES TELESCOPE IN WILLIAMS BAY, WISC. 7.

  11. REFRACTING TELESCOPES: USES CONVEX LENSES (CURVED, THICKER IN MIDDLE) • OBJECTIVELENS: LARGER, FRONT LENS, COLLECTS LIGHT, FORMS IMAGE • EYEPIECE: DETERMINES IMAGE QUALITY AND MAGNIFICATION • MAGNIFICATION RESULTS FROM A COMBINATION OF EYEPIECE AND OBJECTIVE • BODY TUBE: HOLDS THE LENSES • ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPES FORM UPSIDE DOWN & BACKWARD IMAGES 8.

  12. ISAAC NEWTON BUILT 1ST REFLECTOR IN 1668 • REFLECTORS USE A LARGE MIRROR AS AN OBJECTIVE (COLLECTS LIGHT) • ADVANTAGES: LARGER, LESS EXPENSIVE, GIVE TRUE COLORS • DISADVANTAGES: DELICATE, OPTICS GET DIRTY, NEED ADJUSTMENTS • LARGEST OPTICAL TELESCOPES ARE REFLECTORS • 200 INCHHALE TELESCOPE AT MOUNT PALOMAR IN CALIFORNIA • KECK TWINMULTIPLEMIRRORTELESCOPES (HAWAII) LARGEST 9.

  13. STRUCTURE OF REFLECTOR • USES A CURVED MIRROR AS AN OBJECTIVE (TO COLLECT LIGHT) • OBJECTIVE MIRROR FOUND AT THE “BOTTOM” OF THE BODY TUBE • CONCAVE OBJECTIVE MIRROR (CURVED INWARD), BENDS LIGHT TO FOCUS • SPIDER: HOLDS SMALLER SECONDARY MIRROR • SECONDARY MIRROR: REFLECTS LIGHT TO EYEPIECE, BLOCKS SOME LIGHT • BODY TUBE HOLDS COMPONENTS • EYEPIECE, FOCUSER AT THE SIDE OF BODY TUBE 10.

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