Geothermal heat pumps(ghp)/ground source heat pumps(gshp) for residential use

1. Geothermal heat pumps(ghp)/ground source heat pumps(gshp) for residential use Alicia J. Wooten-Cherry Southern New Hampshire University SCI 218 – Natural Resources Presentation II

2. introduction • “Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together … all things connect.” —Chief Seattle This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

3. overview • Introduction • What is geothermal energy and its connection to a geothermal heat pump • Historical Use of geothermal energy • Local real-world applications • Personalized Action Plan • Global Significance and Importance • Conclusions

4. introduction • “Geothermal” comes from two Greek words -- geo which means “earth” and therme which means “heat”. • Geothermal energy is: • Renewable, • Virtually inexhaustible • A form of energy created by heat generated deep within the earth. • Archeological evidence shows that the use of geothermal energy took place early as 10,000 years ago (U.S. Department of Energy, 2006).

5. introduction • Geothermal energy is related to geothermal heating and cooling systems but, • Geothermal energy refers to creating electricity by tapping into the heat generated deep within the earth. • Geothermal heating and cooling refers uses Earth as a heat sink(National Geographic, n.d.). • The concepts are related because both use the earth as a source.

6. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pumps • Geothermal energy is generated when radioactive particles decay at Earth’s core (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017). • Is hidden deep underground within rock formations and inside water and fluids within the earth (National Geographic, n.d.). • Wells at least a mile in depth tap into geothermal energy for electricity generation. • There are many uses of geothermally heated water.

7. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pump • Geothermal “hot spots” are generally found in the western half of the United States (U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, n.d.) • The U.S. is the largest producer of electricity through geothermal energy in the world (15,738 gigawatt hours). • States with geothermal fields include California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. • Electricity generated using geothermal resources would not be possible but for the hot spots over which these states are located (Renner, 2002).

8. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pump • Geothermal resources are classified according to temperature. • High temperature 310°F(150°C) or greater • Moderate hot spots have a range of temperatures from 200°F to 310°F(90°C to 150°C). • Low temperature hot spots are 200°F (90°C) (ODNR Division of Geological Survey, 2018). Figure 1. Map of U.S. Geothermal Resources

9. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pump

10. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pump – Ring of Fire • The Ring of Fire is an oval-shaped area (Figure 2) in the Pacific. • The oceanic lithosphere or crust is moving beneath the landmasses and tectonic plates are still very active (Tarbuck, Lutgens, & Tasa, 2017). • The Ring of Fire is oval-shaped, made up of volcanoes and trenches, and is 24,000 miles (40,000 kilometers) long. • Is the source of geothermal heat and energy • Geothermal heat may also be emitted from Earth may by magma flowing underground (National Geographic, n.d.). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Figure 2. Map showing the Ring of Fire.

11. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pump • Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHPs) are also known as Geothermal Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs). • They don’t use the energy found deep within the earth. • GHP SYSTEMS = a heat exchange unit; pipes that are placed 100 to 400 feet deep vertically or 10 feet deep horizontally below Earth’s surface; and ductwork which leads from the exterior to the interior of the building (U.S. Department of Energy, 2006). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Figure 5. Diagram of vertical, horizontal and diagonal loop placement for GHP/GSHP systems.

12. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pump • Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHPs), don’t use energy found deep within the earth. • They take advantage of ground temperatures which in the U.S. range from 45°F(7°C) to 75°F(21°C). • GHPs/GSHPs take advantage of nearly constant ground temperatures to heat and cool buildings (U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, n.d.).

13. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pump – seasonal variations • In winter, the ground is warmer relative to the air temperature which means that the building will warm. • In summer, the ground is relatively cooler compared to the surrounding air. The heat exchange process is reversed which means the building will cool (U.S. Department of Energy, 2006). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Figure 6. General GHP operation in summer and winter.

14. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps - advantages This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

15. Historical Use of Geothermal Energy and GHPs/GSHPs – early evidence of geothermal • Humans have used geothermal heat as far back as the Paleo-Indians existence in North America. • Evidence of Paleo-Indian use has been found at every major hot spring in the United States. • Many early settlements in the United States were built around springs for warmth and access to hot water. • Earliest commercial use of a geothermal heat source was in1864 when the Hot Lake Hotel was built in LaGrange, Oregon (U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2006). Figure . Hot Springs in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. This is the bath house when first built in 1888. Source https://www.visitglenwood.com/history/hot-springs/#toggle-id-1. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

16. Historical Use of Geothermal Energy and GHPs/GSHPs • 1970s – Oil shortage and GHPs grew in popularity (U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2006). • US and Canada: 500,000 geothermal units installed residentially and 400,000 units installed in Europe. • Worldwide, the installation of GHPs has increased approximately 10% annually and is expected to continue to increase (Lund, 2001) (Watzlaf & Ackman, 2006).

17. Use of Geothermal Energy and GHPs/GSHPs

18. Use of Geothermal Energy and GHPs/GSHPs - projections

19. Local Real-World Applications • Successful installation of a GHP or GSHP will be determined largely by: • Local geology • Soil type • Water availability • If the system will be used for commercial or residential purposes • If a house is being retrofitted • If a GHP will be designed into a new build. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Figure 7. Photo showing limited land availability in a neighborhood.

20. Local Real-World Applications – types of GHp/gshp systems • There are four major types of geothermal heat pump systems. • Horizontal • Vertical • Pond/lake • Horizontal, vertical and pond/lake configurations are called closed loop systems. • The fourth type of system is called an open-loop system because the water used in the system comes from a well or surface water. • Heat is transferred as the water is pumped through the piping, (U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, n.d.).

21. Local Real-World Applications - installations • Horizontally-designed systems are installed near the surface of the earth at a depth of approximately 10 feet (National Geographic, n.d.) • Open-loop systems use groundwater so the depth of the well needed is between 100 and 400 feet deep (U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, n.dsource (Wu, Xu, Zou, & LaMoreau, 2015). Figure 8. Open-loop GHP System.

22. Local Real-World Applications - groundwater • There must be an adequate supply of groundwater and care must be taken to not deplete this supply which could damage the aquifer. • Its circulation may involve recycling the groundwater as part of the system. • Protection of the environment must be considered as part of the design to protect. • For closed-loop systems depletion of groundwater is not a concern.

23. Local Real-World Applications - soil • The composition of certain soils is better than others in terms of heat transfer properties. • Good heat transfer properties will not require the same amount of piping as soil with poor or mediocre heat transfer properties. • Soil at the site must also be abundant enough to support the proposed design of the GHP/GSHP (U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, n.d.).

24. Local Real-World Applications – real-world examples • Commercial and residential buildings can be built or retrofitted with geothermal systems. • OSU drilled 450 wells 550 feet deep to heat and warm five dormitories at a cost of $4 million (Columbus Dispatch, 2010). • MU built a geothermal power plant for housing and dining facilities (Prytherch & Meikle, 2012). • As of 2009, Ohio has installed 10,000 geothermal heat pumps (Ohio Division of Natural Resources - Geological Survey, 2018). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

25. My personalized action plan - STEPS • Step #1: Find a reputable and qualified geothermal contractor because this is not a “do-it-yourself” project (U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, n.d.). • After researching information on geothermal contractors on Home Advisor, I selected Westin Air, LLC in Columbus to install my geothermal heat pump system. • Westin Air, LLC specializes in geothermal heat pump system installations and has many favorable reviews.

26. My personalized action plan - contractor • Westin, LLC or any good geothermal contractor, will determine if: • The geology is appropriate. • The heat transfer properties of my soil is appropriate for a GHP installation. • There is adequate land availability. • If a horizontal or vertical loop system is more appropriate. • For a vertical loop, a well would need to be drilled to a depth of between 100 to 400 feet (U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, n.d.) Figure 12. Soil map of my house and neighborhood. This map shows the soil types present (United States Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2017).

27. My personalized action plan-cost This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

28. My personalized action plan - examples • For a project cost of $15,000, with an 8.99% interest rate, and 180 month term, the monthly payment estimated to be $142.50. • For a project cost of $25,000 with a down payment/rebate of $5000, an interest rate of 7.99%, and a term of 240 months, the monthly payment is estimated to be $166.00 (Energy Environmental, 2018). • There’s a federal tax credit of up to 30% to help reduce the cost of system overall. • Combine the GHP/GSHP system with solar for additional savings.

29. My personalized action plan – savings, value & efficiency

30. Geothermal Energy vs Geothermal Heat Pumps/Geothermal Source Heat Pump • In terms of industrialized countries, the United States is the largest carbon emitter in the world (Gillis & Popovich, 2017). • If even half of the U.S. population and businesses converted to alternative, cleaner forms of energy, air quality in this country and worldwide would greatly improve and greenhouse gas emissions would decrease.

31. Global Significance, Impact and Applications • Globally, the installation of geothermal heat pumps increases 10% each year. • This percentage is expected to continue to grow annually worldwide (Watzlaf & Ackman, 2006) which will make a significant environmental impact on the health of our planet overall. • Unfortunately, the countries that would benefit the most (e.g., better air quality), have the least number of geothermal heat pumps in operation (e.g., Africa and India) largely due to economics.

32. Global Significance, Impact and Applications • Less industrialized countries have the most significant problems with indoor air pollution. • 1.67 million people died due to indoor air pollution (World Health Organization, 2017). • Geothermal heat pumps, solar or wind energy could save people’s lives. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA Figure 13. The Effects of Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries.

33. Global Significance, Impact and Applications

34. Conclusions - advantages • GHPs/GSHPs give off little to no carbon emissions -- greenhouse gas or otherwise. • GHPs are at least 30% more efficient so power companies can also reduce their emissions. • There is little to no environmental impact with use of geothermal heat pumps. • GHPs don’t take up a lot of space and have quiet operation (U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 2017). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA

35. Conclusions – more advantages • GHPs/GSHP systems have long average lifespans of 24 years. • They can be installed in all 50 of the United States which means an increase in jobs locally and nationally. • The majority of the parts needed are made in the United States which helps the national economy. • GHPs pay for themselves in about 10 years (U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, 2017).

36. Conclusions - disadvantages • The initial cost is high. • There is a shortage of certified geothermal contractors and workers. • Rust and mineral buildup may be a concern (U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, n.d.). • Land availability may limit GHP/GSHP options. • Noise from drilling and construction may be a problem during installation. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

37. Conclusions - summary • Geothermal energy is a clean, renewable, inexhaustible resource. • Human beings have used geothermal energy for 10,000 years. • Geothermal heat pump/ground source heat pump technology refers to the use of the earth for heating and cooling a structure. • GHPs have more advantages over conventional heating and cooling systems. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

38. Conclusions – summary of use of natural resources & environmental impacts • Advantages of GHP/GSHP systems far outweigh the disadvantages. • The production of electricity via geothermal energy requires drilling hundreds of feet into the earth; GHP/GSHP systems use the upper layers of Earth’s surface for heating and cooling. • There is little environmental impact to the installation of GHP/GSHP systems but much impact when drilling for geothermal energy because of the depths that need to be drilled to tap into geothermal energy and the amount of land that is disturbed. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

39. Conclusions – skills & resources required to address topic • The natural resources used for both geothermal energy and GHPs is the geology of the earth as well as water. • To access geothermal energy, energy companies must drill to at least a mile into the earth. • Environmental impacts from drilling include: disruption of Earth’s natural processes; disruption of biodiversity; and possible water shortages and pollution. • Environmental impacts from installation of a GHP include: collapse of aquifers if too much water is withdrawn; thermal pollution if the water returned to the source is too warm; and movement of soil which disrupts natural processes.

40. Conclusions – skills & resources needed to address topic • I needed to get a basic understanding of what geothermal energy is and how it’s used (e.g., electricity generation, spas, greenhouses, natural heating) by researching the topic. • I also needed to understand geothermal heat pumps and how this technology was related to geothermal energy, the types of systems, installation processes, and advantages and disadvantages. • Being able to research these topics and differentiate between peer-reviewed sources and non-peer-reviewed sources helped me to narrow my focus to credible sources of information. • Prior to researching this topic, I never would’ve considered a geothermal heat pump as an option because I knew more about and saw more solar and wind energy systems here in Ohio. • I’ve now concluded that I can have both a GHP and solar panels installed.

41. questions • Any questions? This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

42. references • Columbus Dispatch. (2010, December 23). 450 Geothermal Wells to Heat, Cool 5 OSU Dorms. Retrieved May 20, 2018, from Columbus Dispatch: http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2010/12/23/450-geothermal-wells-to-heat-cool-5-osu-dorms.html • Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). The Ring of Fire. Retrieved June 9, 2018, from Encyclopaedia Britannia: https://www.britannica.com/place/Ring-of-Fire • Energy Environmental. (2018). Geothermal Heat Pumps. Retrieved June 8, 2018, from Energy Environmental: Solar, Geothermal, Radiant, Wind: http://www.energyhomes.org/renewable-technology/geoinstallation.html • Gillis, J., & Popovich, N. (2017, June 1). The U.S. is the Biggest Carbon Polluter in History. It Just Walked Away From the Paris Climate Deal. Retrieved June 17, 2018, from The New York Times: Gillis, J., & Popovich, N. (2017, June 01). The U.S. Is the Biggest Carbon Polluter in History. It Just Walked Away From the Paris Climate Deal. Retrieved June 17, 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/01/climate/us-biggest-carbon-pollute • Home Advisor. (2018). Geothermal Heating & Cooling Contractors in Columbus, OH. Retrieved June 10, 2018, from Home Advisor: https://www.homeadvisor.com/tloc/Columbus-OH/Geo-Thermal-Heating-or-Cooling-System-Install/ • Lund, J. W. (2001). Geothermal heat pumps - an overview. GHC Bulletin, 1-2. Retrieved May 20, 2018 • National Geographic. (n.d.). Geothermal Energy. Retrieved June 8, 2018, from National Geographic: Reference: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/geothermal-energy/ • ODNR Division of Geological Survey. (2018). Geothermal Resources in Ohio. Retrieved June 10, 2018, from ODNR Division of Geological Survey: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/energy-resources/geothermal-energy/geothermal-resources-in-ohio • Ohio Department of Natural Resources - Division of Geological Survey. (2012). Abandoned Underground Mines of Ohio. Retrieved June 10, 2018, from Ohio Division of Geological Survey: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/pdfs/aum/aum-map_page-size.pdf

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