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Chemical Symbols

Chemical Symbols. & Formulas. their development and use. Greek Symbols. gold mercury copper silver. iron tin lead. Alchemical Symbols. Each alchemist had his/her own symbols.

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Chemical Symbols

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  1. Chemical Symbols & Formulas their development and use

  2. Greek Symbols gold mercury copper silver iron tin lead

  3. Alchemical Symbols • Each alchemist had his/her own symbols. • Symbols were designed for handwritten (not printed) pages. • Alchemists were more concerned with secrecy than communication.

  4. John Dalton’s System 50. Sulfuric acid 10. Calcium nitrate Dalton used differently shaped circles for each element. He then showed compounds as combinations of these symbols, based on his atomic theories.

  5. Jons Jacob Berzelius c. 1815 • He suggested using LETTERS of NAMES as symbols, with SUBSCRIPTS. We still do. • This made type-setting chemical formulas cheaper and easier. • These symbols are UNIVERSAL, and independent of the language used for the name. • A Swedish chemist, most of Berzelius’ symbols are based on Latin names of elements.

  6. Counting Atoms • H2O = 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen SUBSCRIPTS describe elements they follow. • Cu(NO3)2 = 1 copper, 1x2=2 nitrogen,2x3= 6 oxygen PARENTHESES work as multipliers, just like math. • CuSO4.5H2O = 1 copper, 1 sulfur, 4+5 = 9 O, 5x2=10 H “DOTS” act like “+” signs, unlike in math. COEFFICIENTS act as multipliers until the next “dot”.

  7. Problems to Try Count atoms per element in these compounds. • Lodestone Fe3O4 • Methanol CH3OH • Plexiglass CH2CCH3COOCH • Trinitrotoluene C6H2CH3(NO2)3 • Acetone C(CH3)2O • Prussian Blue Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 • Yellow ochre Fe2O3.2H2O • Lead white 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 • Lapus lazuli 3Na2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2Na2S • Paris green Cu(C2H3O2)2.3Cu(AsO2)3 • What do think is meant by this formula for opal: SiO2.nH2O?

  8. Answers • 3 iron, 4 oxygen • 1 carbon, 4 hydrogen, 3 oxygen • 5 carbon, 6 hydrogen, 2 oxygen • 7 carbon, 5 hydrogen, 3 nitrogen, 6 oxygen • 3 carbon, 6 hydrogen, 1 oxygen • 7 iron, 18 carbon, 18 nitrogen • 2 iron, 5 oxygen, 4 hydrogen • 3 lead, 2 carbon, 8 oxygen, 2 hydrogen • 10 sodium, 24 oxygen, 6 aluminum, 6 silicon, 2 sulfur • 5 copper, 4 carbon, 6 hydogen, 22 oxygen, 9 arsenic • He “n” means “a variable amount”

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