Apply It! Answer the following questions. After reading the chapter, check to see whether your answers are accurate or need to be changed. 1. The word fission means “division into parts.” When a necelled organism reproduces by binary fission, how many new organisms are produced? two 2. Some bacteria are decomposers. The root -compose means “to put together.” What do decomposers do to dead organisms? break them down into smaller parts 3. The root -jugate means “to join.” What might conjugation mean? to join together

Section 9.1:Viruses • How are viruses like organisms? • What is the structure of a virus? • How do viruses multiply? • How can you treat a viral disease?

VIRUSES • SMALL NONLIVING PARTICLE • INVADES AND REPRODUCES INSIDE A CELL • NONLIVING BECAUSE VIRUSES DO NOT HAVE CELLS • THEY DO NOT USE ENERGY TO GROW • THEY CAN ONLY MULTIPLY INSIDE A CELL • SHAPES AND SIZES OF VIRUSES • SMALLER THAN CELLS, VIRUSES ARE MEASURED IN NANOMETERS (A BILLIONTH OF A METER). • VIRUSES CAN BE A VARIETY OF SHAPES.

The Structure of Viruses • All viruses have two basic parts: a protein coat that protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material. Some viruses are surrounded by an outer membrane envelope.

NAMING VIRUSES • VIRUSES ARE NAMED FOR: • THE DISEASES THEY CAUSE : HIV, Polio • THE PEOPLE WHO DISCOVER THEM: The Epstein-Barr virus • A PLACE WHERE THEY OCCUR: Ebola Virus • THE ORGANISM THEY INFECT: Tobacco Mossiac Virus

How Viruses Multiply • Active viruses enter cells and immediately begin to multiply, leading to the quick death of the invaded cells.

How Viruses Multiply • Hidden viruses “hide” for a while inside host cells before becoming active.

Section 9.2: Bacteria • How do the cells of bacteria differ from those of eukaryotes? • What do bacteria need to survive? • Under what conditions do bacteria thrive and reproduce? • What positive roles do bacteria play in people’s lives?

The Bacterial Cell • Bacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in the cells is not contained in a nucleus.

ARCHAEBACTERIA: • ANCIENT BACTERIA • PROKARYOTES: BEFORE THE NUCLEUS • AUTOTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS • UNICELLULAR • LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS HOT SPRINGS, SALTY ENVIRONMENTS, INTESTINES

EUBACTERIA • PROKARYOTES • AUTOTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS • UNICELLULAR • CHEMICAL MAKEUP DIFFERENT FROM ARCHAEBACTERIA NOT ANCIENT, NOT FOUND IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

BACTERIA AND THE LIVING WORLD • FUEL PRODUCTION: ARCHAEBACTERIA AND THE PRODUCTION OF METHANE IN DECOMPOSITION. • FOOD: CHEESE, YOGURT, CUCUMBERS TO PICKLES, APPLE CIDER TO VINEGAR. • Infectious disease spread by contact with: • Infected person (sneezing, coughing) • Infected object (utensils, food or water) • Infected animal (ticks, dogs, mosquitoes) • The environment (soil, and surfaces)

Population Explosion • Suppose a bacterium reproduces by binary fission every 20 minutes. The new cells survive and reproduce at the same rate. This graph shows how the bacterial population would grow from a single bacterium.

Horizontal axis–time (minutes); vertical axis–number of bacterial cells. Reading Graphs: What variable is being plotted on the horizontal axis? What is being plotted on the vertical axis? Population Explosion

2 cells after 20 minutes; 8 cells after one hour; 64 cells after two hours. Interpreting Data: According to the graph, how many cells are there after 20 minutes? One hour? Two hours? Population Explosion

The number of cells doubles with each division. Drawing Conclusions: Describe the pattern you see in the way the bacterial population increases over two hours. Population Explosion

Not likely. The bacteria will continue to reproduce at this rate only as long as the conditions are favorable. Predicting: Do you think the bacterial population will continue to grow at the same rate? Why or why not? Population Explosion

Section 9.3: Protists • What are the characteristics of animal-like, plantlike, and fungus-like protists? • How do algae vary in organization, structure, and function?

PROTOZOANS • KINGDOM PROTISTA • UNICELLULAR • SOME FORM COLONIES (VOLVOX) • HETEROTROPHS AND AUTOTROPHS • REPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION • CONJUGATION • SPORES • CLASSIFIED BY THE WAY THEY MOVE

Animal-Like Protists • SARCODINES (AMOEBA) • MOVE BY MAKING PSEUDOPODS • AMOEBA = BLOBLIKE • RADIOLARIAN = GLASSLIKE • FORAMINIFERANS = CALCIUM CARBONATE SHELLS • Amoebas are sarcodines that live in either water or soil. They feed on bacteria and smaller protists.

SARCODINES

Animal-Like Protists • Paramecia are ciliates that live mostly in fresh water. Like amoebas, paramecia feed on bacteria and smaller protists.

Animal like protists: SLIME MOLDS • TWO STAGES IN THEIR LIFE CYCLE • PROTOZOAN STAGE = THEY ENGULF FOOD • FUNGUS STAGE = THEY REPRODUCE WITH SPORES

CILLIATES (PARAMECIUM) • MOVE WITH CILLIA (LITTLE HAIRS) • PARAMECIUM IS THE MOST COMMON • ORAL GROOVE-- GULLET--- ANAL PORE • TWO NUCLEUS : • MICRONUCLEUS FOR REPRODUCTION • MACRONUCLEUS FOR OTHER FUNCTIONS

Plantlike Protists • The euglena is a common euglenoid that lives in fresh water. In sunlight, many euglenas can make their own food. Without sunlight, they obtain food from their environment.

FLAGELLATES (EUGLENA) • MOVE WITH FLAGELLA • MOST UNICELLULAR, VOLVOX FORMS COLONIES • SOME AUTOTROPHS (EUGLENA) • TRYPANOSOME CAUSES AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

PLANTLIKE PROTISTS: ALGAE • • NONVASCULAR PLANTS (NO XYLEM OR PHLOEM TUBES TO TRANSPORT WATER AND FOOD). • • FOUND IN SOIL, OCEANS, PONDS & LAKES. • • SOME UNICELLULAR • • SOME MULTICELLULAR (SEAWEED) • • ALL AUTOTROPHS • • HAVE CHLOROPHYLL & OTHER PIGMENTS • • CLASSIFIED BY THEIR COLOR

GIANT KELP: BROWN ALGAE • • SEAWEED, ROCKWEED, SARGASSUM • • MULTICELLULAR • • ROOTS ARE CALLED HOLDFASTS • • STEMS ARE CALLED STIPES • • LEAVES ARE CALLED BLADES • • HAVE AIR BLADDERS TO FLOAT

BLUE GREEN ALGAE • • IN THE BACTERIA KINGDOM • • SOME FIX NITROGEN FROM AIR TO SOIL • • USED TO FERTILIZE RICE PADDIES

RED ALGAE • • SOME LIVE 200 METERS DEEP IN THE OCEAN • • PRODUCE AGAR USED IN PETRI DISHES • • HAVE CHLOROPHYLL AND RED PIGMENTS

GOLDEN ALGAE • • DIATOMS • • COMPOSED OF SILICA (GLASS) • • HAVE CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PIGMENTS (BROWN YELLOW AND ORANGE) • • THEY FORM DIATOMACEOUS EARTH

GREEN ALGAE • • CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL • • MOST ARE PLANKTON • • FOUND IN FRESH OR SALT WATER

FIRE ALGAE • •PRODUCE THE RED TIDE • • CALLED DINOFLAGELLATES • • PRODUCE TOXINS THAT EFFECT SHELLFISH • • HAVE FLAGELLA TO MOVE • • PRODUCE BIOLUMINESCENCE

SPOROZOANS • DON’T MOVE • CAUSE DISEASES SUCH AS MALARIA • MALARIA IS TRANSMITTED BY THE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO

Section 9. 4: Fungi • What characteristics do fungi share? • How do fungi reproduce? • What roles do fungi play in nature?

What Are Fungi? • Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce. The cells of most fungi are arranged in a structure called hyphae.

FUNGI • NONVASCULAR (NO XYLEM OR PHLOEM • TUBES TO TRANSPORT WATER AND FOOD). • HYPHAE THREADS TO BREAK DOWN AND • DIGEST FOOD • SOME UNICELLULAR (YEAST) • SOME MULTICELLULAR (MUSHROOMS) • ALL HETEROTROPHS AND PARASITES • SOME SAPROPHYTES (EAT DEAD THINGS) • NO CHLOROPHYLL • REPRODUCE BY SPORES CONTAINED IN • FRUITING BODIES

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