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Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases. Recall. Acids are compounds that start with hydrogen (H + ) HCl (hydrochloric acid) H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) Bases are compounds that end with hydroxide (OH - ) NaOH (sodium hydroxide) Mg(OH) 2 (magnesium hydroxide). Properties of Acids. Sour tasting

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Acids and Bases

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  1. Acids and Bases

  2. Recall • Acids are compounds that start with hydrogen (H+) • HCl (hydrochloric acid) • H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) • Bases are compounds that end with hydroxide (OH-) • NaOH (sodium hydroxide) • Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide)

  3. Properties of Acids • Sour tasting • Turn blue litmus paper red • Electrolytes • HBr(aq) H+(aq) + Br-(aq) • Neutralize bases • HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l) • React with metals to produce H2 (g) • 2HNO3(aq) + Zn(s) H2(g) + Zn(NO3)2(aq) • React with carbonates to produce CO2 • 2HCl + Na2CO3(s) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l)

  4. Common Acids carbonic acid citric acid sulfuric acid acetic acid

  5. Properties of Bases • Bitter tasting • Slippery feel • Turn red litmus paper blue • Electrolytes • LiOH(aq) Li+(aq) + OH-(aq) • Neutralize acids • HCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

  6. Common Bases sodium hydroxide magnesium hydroxide sodium bicarbonate ammonia

  7. Arrhenius’ Theory • An acid is a substance that dissociates in water to produce one or more hydrogen ions (H+) • A base is a substance that dissociates in water to form one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)

  8. Percent Ionization • Percentage of molecules that form ions in solution

  9. Strong Acids • Ionize completely (>99%) in water • [H+] = [Acid] • High electrical conductivity • Very low pH • The corrosive property of acids is attributed to the hydrogen ion

  10. Strong Bases • Ionic hydroxides (NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2) • Ionize completely (>99%) in water • [OH-] = [Base] • High electrical conductivity • Very high pH

  11. Weak Acids • Percent ionization <50% • [H+] < [Acid] • Low electrical conductivity • pH < 7 • Dilute weak acids are safer to handle and even to eat or drink • Acetic acid, citric acid, carbonic acid

  12. Weak Bases • Percent ionization <50% • Low electrical conductivity • pH > 7 • Ammonia (NH3), sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

  13. Practice! • P. 379 # 2-5,11 • P. 392 #1-4

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