西方文明史

1. 西方文明史 第十六講：　航海、遊歷   劉　慧　　教授 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出】

2. EDWARD III1327-77 • Edward Prince of Wales • Lionel duke of Clarence • John duke of Lancaster • Edmund duke of York • Thomas duke of Gloucester • Richard earl of Cambridge • HENRY IV1399-1413 • John Beaufort earl of Somerset • Philippa • RICHARD II1377-99 • Richard duke of York • HENRY V1413-22 • Roger Mortimer earl of March • John duke of Somerset • HENRY VI1422-61, 70-71 • Margaret Beaufort • Anne • Edmund Mortimer • Edward • HENRY VII1485-1509 • Richard duke of York • EDWARD IV1461-70, 71-83 • RICHARD III1483-85

4. The Age of Exploration and Its Medieval Foundations in 11-14th c • Geographical expansion • The Levant, Poland, the eastern Baltic littoral, Scandinavia, Scotland, Wales, Iberia • Institutions • Agricultural practice, town organization, guilds, university, international religions order – exportable and adaptable units • Techniques • Sugar plantation, cattle ranching, fur trade, mining, fishing • Credit system, bookkeeping, partnership, monopoly, chartered company • Navigation • Pax Mongolia • John of Monte Corvino, first Catholic archbishop of Peking, appointed by Pope Clement V in 1307 • Jordan of Séverac, first Catholic bishop of Quilon from 1329 • The 15th c: gold, God and glory

5. Eastern/Central (/Northern) Europe: the German Eastward expansion • Italian Peninsula • Iberian Peninsula: Aragon and Portugal • ‘Here, there be monsters’

6. The German eastward expansion • 10th c conversion of Bohemia • 10th c Polish prince married Bohemian princess • Late 10th c: Hungary became Christian • Ostsiedlung • Brandenburg; Poland, Bohemia • Prussia, the eastern Baltic littoral (Lithuania) • In the country (large-scale grain cultivation)/in towns • As invaders/ was invited • Germanising/ Slavicized

7. Italy • Northern Italy: Pippin the Short, Charlemagne, Otto I etc. as King of the Lombards • Cities ruled by bishops; communal movement • 11th c: emperor vs. pope • 1176 the Lombard League won de facto independence • Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Milan, Florence etc – traders, carriers, producers • C. 1270 sailed through the Straits of Gibraltar to the North Sea • Central Italy: Papal States • Southern Italy: Byzantium and Muslim settlements – 1047-70s Norman kingdom of Sicily established – 1194 Henry VI and Frederick II – 1282 Angevin and Aragonese

8. Iberia • Al-Andalus flourished in the 10th c • The Christian ‘reconquest’ • 1085 Castile took Toledo • The Almoravides and Almohades from North Africa • --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • 1212 Innocent III proclaimed a crusade • 1236 Castile took Cordoba • Merino wool • 1250 Portugal to present extent • Atlantic coast line • 1238 Aragon took Valencia, also Majorca and Minorca • 1137 had united with the county of Barcelona/Catalonia • Sea faring, Sicily • ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • 1492 Granada finally fell

9. Aragonese expertise in sailing • Annexed Barcelona in 1137; 13th c Majorca, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica; took Naples in 1435 • Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1469 Kingdom of Aragon, 1443

10. Henry ‘the Navigator’ of Portugal (1394-1460) and the west coast of Africa • Provisioning Italian merchants’ ships • Early 14thc, the Azores Island (1/3 distance) • Late 14thc sugar and wine: Azores and Madeira • Sugar plantation began in the 12th-c Syria, and was spread by the Genoese throughout the Mediterranean islands • Gold and slaves Azores Islands Madeira Islands Canary Islands

12. The Portuguese and the Spanish 2. 1492 alternative route: underestimation and Christopher Columbus 3. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas 5. c.1500 a new world 6. 1513 Pacific sighted 7. 1519 Magellan and a ‘southwest passage’: ‘forced’ to circumnavigate the globe 8. 1519-21 Cortes, the Aztec empire1533 Pizarro, the Inca empireMid 16thC governmental control. Silver, farming, sugar 1. 1488 Bartholomew Dias,Cape of Good Hope: race commenced 3. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas: a line 370 leagues west and south of the Cape Verde Islands 4. 1497 Vasco da Gama: armed commercial embassy

14. Hereford Mappa Mundi, late 13th c A T-O map

15. The ‘Psalter Map’ , c. 1260 British Library Additional MS 28681, fol. 9 Diameter of map 90 mm

16. Jorge de Aguiar's chart of the Mediterranean, Western Europe and African Coast (1492). 1030 × 770 mm

19. 版權聲明