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Worms: Nematoda, Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora, Annelida - A Comprehensive Overview

Explore the diverse world of worms, including Nematoda, Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora, and Annelida. Learn about their characteristics, habitats, feeding habits, and ecological importance. Discover the fascinating range of species and their roles in marine and terrestrial ecosystems.

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Worms: Nematoda, Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora, Annelida - A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. Nematoda • Free living and parasitic forms • Cosmopolitan/Ubiquitous • Mostly in sediments (free living) or hosts (parasitic) • Common in fine muds • Organic rich areas • Described species – 12,000+ • May be up to 500,000 species total! • Extremely abundant!! • Up to hundreds of individuals per ml of sediment • 90,000 in one rotting apple (not marine) • Hydrostatic skeleton • Longitudinal muscles only • Move by whipping back and forth

  2. Other Worms • Sipuncula (Peanut worms) • Exclusively marine (250+ species) • Most common in shallow water • Unsegmented bodies up to 35 cm long • Studded introvert used for locomotion • Cryptic • Burrow in sediments or hide in shelters • Deposit feeders • Consume detritus and microbes

  3. Other Worms • Sipuncula (Peanut worms) • Exclusively marine (250+ species) • Most common in shallow water • Unsegmented bodies up to 35 cm long • Studded introvert used for locomotion • Cryptic • Burrow in sediments or hide in shelters • Deposit feeders • Consume detritus and microbes

  4. Fig. 7.3

  5. Other Worms • Echiura (Spoon worms) • Exclusively marine (~150 species) • Deposit feeders • Feed with non-retractable proboscis • Live in burrows • U-shaped or L-shaped • Typically small but may get large in deep sea

  6. Other Worms • Pogonophora (Beard worms) • Long, thin worms (~135 species) • Most common in deep sea • No mouth or gut • Not parasitic • Anterior end of body is tuft of up to several thousand tentacles • Tentacles absorb dissolved nutrients • Symbiotic bacteria utilize nutrients to manufacture food • Vestimentifera • Large deep-sea animals • Found at many hydrothermal vents

  7. Fig. 7.17

  8. Other Worms • Pogonophora (Beard worms) • Long, thin worms (~135 species) • Most common in deep sea • No mouth or gut • Not parasitic • Anterior end of body is tuft of up to several thousand tentacles • Tentacles absorb dissolved nutrients • Symbiotic bacteria utilize nutrients to manufacture food • Vestimentifera • Large deep-sea animals • Found at many hydrothermal vents

  9. Annelida • Segmented worms • Body composed of repeated segments • Gut runs through all segments in body cavity (coelom)** • Coelom filled with fluid – hydrostatic skeleton • Longitudinal and radial muscles • Efficient locomotion and burrowing • More than 15,000 species • Cosmopolitan

  10. Annelida • Polychaeta • 10,000+ species (mostly marine) • Body segments bear pairs of parapodia • Parapodia used for locomotion, feeding • Often tipped with setae • Closed circulatory system** • Efficient transport of blood, gases • Gas exchange • Small species exchange gases across body wall • Large species have gills for gas exchange • Highly vascularized with capillaries and thin body walls

  11. Fig. 7.15

  12. Annelida • Polychaeta • Spawning – Palolo worm • Larva = Trochophore • Band of cilia around body; tuft on apex • Same larval stage in Mollusca, Echiura, Sipuncula • Diverse lifestyles • Free-living predators • Often well-developed eyes and sense organs, jaws • Burrowing deposit feeders • Burrowing suspension feeders • Tube building suspension feeders • Tubes may be calcium carbonate, agglutinated or parchment • Solitary • Colonial

  13. Annelida • Polychaeta • Larva = Trochophore • Band of cilia around body; tuft on apex • Same larval stage in Mollusca, Echiura, Sipuncula • Diverse lifestyles • Free-living predators • Often well-developed eyes and sense organs, jaws • Burrowing deposit feeders • Burrowing suspension feeders • Tube building suspension feeders • Tubes may be calcium carbonate, agglutinated or parchment • Solitary • Colonial

  14. Annelida • Polychaeta • Larva = Trochophore • Band of cilia around body; tuft on apex • Same larval stage in Mollusca, Echiura, Sipuncula • Diverse lifestyles • Free-living predators • Often well-developed eyes and sense organs, jaws • Burrowing deposit feeders • Burrowing suspension feeders • Tube building suspension feeders • Tubes may be calcium carbonate, agglutinated or parchment • Solitary • Colonial

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