Evaluation & Assessment

1. Evaluation & Assessment Mechanical Forces & Muscle Injuries

2. Objectives • Identify types of FORCES and their effect on the body. • Relate the demands of exercise to injury.

3. Introduction • To correctly evaluate an injury is to understand how the injury occurred • AKA: Mechanism of Injury • An injury sustained in a car crash would involve significantly more force than one sustained while descending the stairs. • The extent of an injury to a muscle depends on the amount of force applied.

4. Question • Think of a muscleinjury that you have had in the past. • What was the cause of the injury? • How severe was the injury?

5. Mechanical Force • There are 3 types of Mechanical Forces that cause injury Can we define “FORCE” What do we mean by “Mechanical Force?”

6. Mechanical Force • Compression • A force that crushes the tissue • Result contusion. • What does this picture represent?

7. Mechanical Force • Tension • A force that stretches or pulls a tissue apart. • Result Strain Sprain

8. Mechanical Force • Shearing • A force that moves across the parallel plane • Result Sprain Strain

9. Identify the force • On the following slides, read the injury mechanism described & identify the type of force that would produce an injury. • Compression • Tension • Shearing

10. A collision occurs as a defensive lineman tackles a running back. The lineman’s helmet hit the running back’s forearm as he is brought to the ground. • Compression

11. A wide receiver is hit over the lateral aspect of his knee & driven out of bounds by a defensive back. He complains of pain over the medial aspect of his knee. • Shearing

12. A baseball player takes his lead-off from first and attempts to get back to the base when the pitcher throws over. He complains of pain in his right groin area from overstretching. • Tension

13. A sprinter over strides coming out of the starting block. She stops and slowly walks off of the track to the infield complaining of pain & tightness in her hamstrings. • Tension

14. A batter is hit in the low back as she turns away from an inside pitch… • Compression

15. A volleyball player attempts to spike a ball but misses badly. She swings awkwardly & then complains of pain in her hitting shoulder. • Tension

16. Muscle Injuries What type of injuries can happen to the muscle?

17. Muscle Cramp • An involuntary muscle contraction • Resulting in pain & inability to move. • Caused by: • Dehydration • Lack of electrolytes (minerals).

18. Muscle Spasm • An involuntary muscle contraction, resulting in pain & inability to move. • Occurs as a result of trauma.

19. Acute Onset Muscle Soreness • Muscle soreness during or shortly after physical activity. • Caused by a build up of lactic acid. • Resolves quickly.

20. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness • Muscle soreness which occurs 2 to 3 days after exertion. • Caused by small tears in muscle fibers as a result of weightlifting or eccentric exercise. • Resolves in 5 – 7 days.

21. Muscle Contusion • An injury caused by an impact to the muscle which results in discoloration due to a disruption of circulation to the area.

22. Tendinitis • Inflammation of a tendon.

23. Strain • A stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon. • Results in a 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree injury.

24. First Degree Strain • Mild stretching of one or more muscles or tendons • Results in • Pain • Mild swelling • Minor loss of function.

25. Second Degree Strain • A moderate tearing of muscle or tendon tissue • Results in • Pain • moderate swelling • ROM • moderate loss of function.

26. Third Degree Strain • A complete tearing of muscle or tendon tissue • Results in • either severe or no pain • or ROM • moderate to severe swelling • obvious deformity.

27. Closure • Get out a sheet of paper… • Give examples of • A shearing injury • A tension injury • A compression injury • Explain in your own words: • 1st degree • 2nd degree • 3rd degree injuries • Put your name on it and turn in.