[What is the cell theory?]

1. [What is the cell theory?] • [ Living organisms are composed of cells.] • [ Cells come from pre-existing cells.] • [Cells are the smallest unit of life] • [all of the above] • [none of the above]

2. [How did the cell theory get accepted as a theory?] • [all scientific theories come from an accumulation of evidence that is testable and repeatable with predictable results.] • [all scientific theories are hypotheses.] • [all scientific theories are beliefs or assumptions.] • [all scientific theories are general ideals that do not have real practical use]

3. [Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life. Which of the following is NOT a function of life?:] • [reproduction] • [growth] • [tissue formation] • [metabolism] • [response] • [homeostasis]

4. [Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI unit. Which pairing is NOT matched accurately?] • [molecules (1 nm) = (10-9m)] • [thickness of membranes (10 nm)] • [viruses (100 nm)] • [bacteria (1 μm) = (10-6m)] • [organelles (up to 100 μm)] • [most cells (up to 100 μm)]

5. [what is this?] • [chloroplast] • [endoplasmic reticulum] • [mitochondria] • [nucleus]

6. [How big is this mitochondria?] • [50 nm] • [450 μm] • [0.450 μm] • [0.050nm]

7. [What is this? How long is it?] • [plant vacuole, 1 μm] • [chromoplast, 7nm] • [chloroplast, 7 μm] • [mitochondria, 1 μm]

8. [what is this and how wide is it?] • [nucleus, 1 μm] • [E.R., 1 μm] • [chloroplast, 5 μm] • [mitochondria, 5 μm]

9. [What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?] • [rough, makes proteins then puts membrane around the made protein.] • [smooth, makes lipids like steroids and other fats.] • [provide membrane for cell processes that need it.] • [all of the above] • [none of the above]

10. [Enter question here] • [golgi apparatus] • [endoplasmic reticulum] • [cytoskeleton] • [flagella]

11. [ ] • [chloroplast] • [mitochondria] • [vacuole] • [lysosome]

12. [] • [nucleolus] • [nucleus] • [chloroplast] • [Endoplasmic reticulum]

13. Prokaryotes • ‘Pro’ means ‘before’ • ‘Kary’ means kernal • Prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus! • They have NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES (no chloroplasts, vessicles, mitochondria, etc…) • They are SMALL • Divide by binary fission.

14. You can fit 100 prokaryotes into one eukaryote! Prokaryotes have a cell wall, DNA, membrane, and ribosomes… and some have a capsule

15. Prokaryotic cell Nucleoid region Colorized TEM 15,000 LE 4-3a Nucleus Organelles Eukaryotic cell

16. [] • [1 is nucleus, 2 is cell membrane, 3 is cytoplasm] • [1 is nucleoid region, 2 is cell wall, 3 is chloroplasts] • [1 is nucleoid region, 2 is cellwall/capsule, 3 is ribosomes.] • [1 is nucleolus, 2 is cell membrane, 3 is ribosomes]

17. [what organelles can be found in both a prokaryote and a plant cell?] • [ribosome, membrane, wall] • [nucleoid region, central vacuole, wall] • [wall only] • [there are no organelles that can be found in both prokaryotes and plants.]

18. [NOT in a prokaryote, why?] • [It is a golgi apparatus, and prokaryotes don’t have organelles with membranes around them.] • [It is a nucleus, prokaryotes do not have nuclei.] • [It is a prokaryote] • [It is a mitochondria, and prokaryotes do not have mitochondria]

19. [This is a monkey cell infected with about 20 Coxiella burnetii. Why is Coxiella burnetii NOT prokaryotic?] • [prokaryotic cells don’t infect other cells.] • [each has a nucleus] • [prokaryotic cells are bigger] • [none of the above]

20. Where is the nucleoid region?

21. All bacteria are prokaryotes, and there are plenty of bacterial diseases. • Famous prokaryotic diseases: • Gonorrhea • Acne • Syphilis • Typhoid fever • Staph infection • Gangrene

22. Anthrax! Bacterial disease.

23. Impetigo, common bacterial disease

24. Leprosy, bacterial disease

25. Tetanus, bacterial disease

26. Necrotizing fasciitis also known as ‘flesh eating bacteria’

27. …Maggot Debridement Continued…

28. The Story of Vitus Smieja

29. Bacteria or single cell organisms invade cells or tissues. Some produce a toxin. This post is probably full of bacteria! • This may cause a staph infection – caused by the bacteria staphylococcus aureus which invades cuts and breaks in the skin

30. staphylococcus aureus • About 20% of the population are always colonized with S. aureus, 60% are intermittent carriers, and 20% never carry the organism. • ‘Superbug’ is called MRSA • Staph infections, including MRSA, generally start as small red bumps that resemble pimples, boils or spider bites. These can quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses that require surgical draining. Sometimes the bacteria remain confined to the skin. But they can also burrow deep into the body, causing potentially life-threatening infections in bones, joints, surgical wounds, the bloodstream, heart valves and lungs.

31. [what is the process called when a vessicle filled with material fuses with the membrane and exports the load?] • [exocytosis] • [endocytosis] • [pinocytosis] • [phagocytosis]

32. Surface to Volume ratio: When you look at the following, notice that as volume increases, surface area doesn’t increase as much…

33. [why don’t cells get HUGE? Like as big as a potato?] • [As cells grow, the surface area expands larger than the volume does. ] • [As cells grow the volume expands larger than the surface area does.] • [As cells grow, it becomes more difficult for diffusion to take place because the surface area does not grow proportionately] • [A and C are true] • [B and C are true]

34. Viruses are not cells! But they invade cells! • This is a virus. It injects its DNA or RNA into a healthy cell. • The virus’ DNA then takes over the cell, and makes many more Virus. • The cell eventually dies.

35. AIDS virus on a cell

36. Herpes simplex 1 (viral disease)

37. Herpes Gladiatorum –shut wrestling down for 8 days last year

38. H1N1

39. Virus if it were big…

40. Eukaryotes Cells of plants and animals These cells have a nucleus

41. [What is A? What is B? (Yellow arrows point to the areas)] • [SER, RER] • [RER, SER] • [golgi apparatus, vessicles] • [none of the above] B A

42. [function of ribosomes?] • [make proteins] • [assemble amino acids into a polypeptide by reading the mRNA] • [in prokaryotes, they make proteins] • [in eukaryotes, the assemble amino acids into a polypeptide.] • [all of the above] • [none of the above]

43. [function of lysosomes?] • [holds digestive enzymes] • [breaks down and recycles old organelles] • [sometimes called ‘suicide bags’ because they can destroy a cell] • [all of the above]

44. [what is happening here?] • [lysosome digesting a mitochondria] • [nothing] • [a cell with just a lysosome and mitochondria, just hanging out.]

45. [what does the mitochondria do?] • [makes ATP] • [main organelle of aerobic respiration] • [takes electrons from food sources, adds them to oxygen and makes water/ATP in the process.] • [All of the above]

46. Microscope facts • Magnification is the increase in the apparent size of an object; for example, 1,000X • Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image • A light microscope can resolve objects as small as 2 m • The electron microscope (EM) allows greater magnification than Light microscope (LM) and reveals cellular details • Uses a beam of electrons rather than light • Has much greater resolution than LM (2 nm) • Can magnify up to 100,000 times • Cannot be used with living specimens

47. [what does the golgi apparatus do?] • [adds carbohydrates to proteins] • [adds phosphates to proteins] • [adds carbohydrates and phosphates to membranes of vessicles that are leaving the cell (for cell recognition)] • [all of the above] • [none of the above]

48. [What does the nucleus do?] • [protects the DNA] • [contains chromosomes which are chromatin wrapped around histone protein.] • [controls the workings of the cell] • [all of the above]

49. Electron Microscope • Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies the details of internal cell structure • Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies detailed architecture of cell surfaces