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History of Graphical User Interfaces

Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Science, IUPUI. History of Graphical User Interfaces. Dale Roberts, Lecturer Computer Science, IUPUI E-mail: droberts@cs.iupui.edu. GUI History.

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History of Graphical User Interfaces

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  1. Department of Computer and Information Science,School of Science, IUPUI History of Graphical User Interfaces Dale Roberts, Lecturer Computer Science, IUPUI E-mail: droberts@cs.iupui.edu

  2. GUI History • In 1962, Douglas Engelbart invented the first “mouse,” which he called an “X-Y Position Indicator.” • It was a little gizmo housed in a wooden box on wheels that moved around the desktop and took the cursor with it on the display. Source: US Patent Office

  3. GUI History • In 1963 a grad student at MIT, Ivan Sutherland, submitted as his thesis a program called “Sketchpad.” This was the first GUI (Graphical User Interface) long before the term was coined." http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/images/ivan-sutherland.jpg

  4. GUI History • In the 1970s, at Xerox’s PARC facility, Alan Keys created an object-oriented graphical programming language called “Smalltalk.” Smalltalk featured a graphical user interface (GUI) that looked suspiciously similar to later iterations from both Apple and Microsoft. http://www.sra.co.jp/people/aoki/SqueakIdioms/chapter01/Xerox1100SIP.jpg

  5. GUI History • 1981, Xerox attempted to market the “Star.” It introduced the idea of what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG). • Commercial failure • cost ($15,000); • IBM had just announced a less expensive machine • limited functionality • e.g., no spreadsheet • closed architecture, • 3rd party vendors could not add applications • perceived as slow • but really fast! • slavish adherence to direct manipulation http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taouu/html/graphics/xerox_star.jpg

  6. Apple gets a GUI • In 1983, the Apple Lisa was first GUI offering. Apple II, 1980 http://www.s-line.de/homepages/horber-privat/bilder/apple2a.jpg Lisa http://fp3.antelecom.net/gcifu/applemuseum/lisa2.html

  7. Apple gets a GUI http://computermuseum.50megs.com/images/collection/apple-mac-plus.jpg • In 1984, Macintosh was the first computer with a GUI marketed to the masses. • “old ideas” but well done! • Commercial success because: • aggressive pricing ($2500) • did not need to trail blaze • learned from mistakes of Lisa and corrected them; ideas now “mature” • market now ready for them • developer’s toolkit encouraged 3rd party non-Apple software • interface guidelines encouraged consistency between applications • domination in desktop publishing because of affordable laser printer and excellent graphics • Full Microsoft Office suite(Apple was the dominant player at this time.) http://toastytech.com/guis/bigmac1.gif

  8. Unix Gets a GUI • The X Windows System was introduced in the mid-1980s to provide graphical support for unix operating systems. • The implementation was a client-server approach, where an X window system server ran on the displaying machine, and the client programs communicated with it using a network protocol. • X provides only a communication mechanism, not policy. At least three major user interface look & feel styles are widely used on X - MIT's own Athena style, Sun and AT&T's OpenLook, and OSF's Motif (supported primarily by HP and IBM). http://www.pattosoft.com.au/jason/Articles/HistoryOfComputers/X11.gif

  9. Microsoft Gets a GUI • Microsoft introduced Windows 1.0 in 1985 • Tiled Windows, no overlapping • Windows 2.03 in 1987 • Overlapping windows • Windows 3.0 in 1990 • Features Program Manager

  10. Shells • Unix and DOS operating systems circa 1980s support text-based user interfaces via a program called a shell. These shells insert another layer between the user and the operating system. Typical text shells under unix are csh and ksh. The typical text shell under microsoft is command.com. It is still emulated today by cmd.exe. • Original unix and Microsoft GUI support was also implemented as shells. The dominant unix GUI library became an open library called X11 supported by the X.org foundation. Microsoft introduced Windows 1.0 as a shell that ran on a layer above MS-DOS. • The original Apple GUI is embedded into its operating system kernel. Windows migrated to embedding GUI support beginning with Windows NT.

  11. Windows Timeline • It took roughly 15 years to consolidate its shell-based GUI architecture offerings with its embedded GUI architecture offerings. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryProGraphic.mspx

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