EfS Grammar X: Adverbs and Sentence Structure

1. EfS Grammar X:Adverbs and Sentence Structure How to set up a sentence structure that guarantees an English sentence.

2. Kinds of Adverbs Manner How? well, happily Place Where? here, there Time When? now, today Frequency How often? always, never Degree How [adverb]? extremely Sentence How [sentence]? hopefully

3. Adverbs and More… Adverb single word, often ending in -ly Adverbial group of words without a preposition,e.g. last night Adverbial Phrase includes a preposition, e.g. in the morning

4. Positions of Adverbs a) Tom has finished his work. b) extremely well PRECEDING the modified word FRONT MIDDLE END

5. Adverbs of Degree, Sentence Adverbs Adverbs of degree are usually found preceding (in front of) the adverb or adjective they modify:He played extremely well.The car is bright red. N: Practically limited to two or three adverbs. Sentence adverbs are usually found in the FRONT position:Fortunately, Dennis Ace played well.Luckily, the storm did not do much damage. N: 1

6. Frequency Adverbs, Middle Position Frequency adverbs are usually found in the MIDDLE position: I have never eaten caviar.He always goes cycling at the weekend. N: 1 MIDDLE position:a) preceding simple verbs;b) following the verb to be;c) following the first verb in compounds.

7. Manner, Place and Time Adverbs of manner, place and time are found in the END position in that order, i.e. M – P – T: They played cheerfully in the garden all afternoon.M: cheerfullyP: in the gardenT: all afternoon N: ∞

8. Summary Adverb Position Number MannerPlace END ∞TimeFrequency MIDDLE 1Degree adv./adj. 2-3Sentence FRONT 1

9. Comparison Ich habe gestern T. flüchtig in der Stadt gesehen.S Vaux T O M P VmainI saw T. fleetingly in town yesterday.S V O M P T Note:1) Vaux, Vmain and O are never separated, except by a frequency adverb between Vaux and Vmain;2) Middle position is novel;3) Save the time until last.