Chapter 9

2. Chapter 9 Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers

3. Objectives • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • Describe dietary supplements and their effect on the body • Give at least four examples of popular dietary supplements on the market today • Explain what performance enhancers do, and why many athletes take them

4. Objectives (cont’d.) • Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.): • Name the athletic organizations that monitor drug use by athletes • Discuss how education is important to the understanding of supplements and performance enhancers • Explain the athletic code of ethics

5. Popular Nutritional Supplements • The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act defines a dietary supplement as: • A product (other than tobacco) intended to enhance the diet, that contains one or more of the following: • Vitamins • Minerals • Amino acids • Herbs, and/or other botanical substances

6. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) • Vitamins • Organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes • Enable the body to use energy provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins • Don’t over use; more does not mean better

7. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) • Vitamin supplements • Vitamins taken in addition to those received through the diet • Available in concentrated form in tablets, capsules, and drops • According to the FDA, the body cannot distinguish between a vitamin of plant or animal origin (natural) and one manufactured in a laboratory (synthetic)

8. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) • Vitamin Myths • Food doesn’t contain right nutrients in adequate quantities • Help “bulk up” muscles & enhance performance • Provide needed energy • Can cure anything (including heart trouble, common cold, and cancer)

9. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) • Minerals • Inorganic (non-carbon-containing) element • Necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in body functions • Contribute energy production as regulators, but do not provide energy • Found in water, and natural foods • Minerals in soil absorbed by plants

10. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) • Herbal supplements • Some of the world's oldest medicines • 50% Americans believe good for health and well-being • Many safe, many are not • FDA considers them dietary supplements • Not regulated • New regulations will give FDA authority to oversee the manufacture of domestic and foreign-made dietary supplements (2010)

11. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) • Glucosamine • Used to maintain joint cartilage • Not usually possible to ingest extra w/ food • Treat osteoarthritis & some sports injuries • Take with food • Side effects: stomach problems, heartburn, diarrhea • Types • Glucosamine sulfate • Glucosamine hydrochloride • N-acetyl-glucosamine

12. Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) • Chondroitin • Naturally found in human and animal cartilage • Proven abilities to treat osteoarthritis • Also used to treat psoriasis and cancers (tests inconclusive) • Appears to be non-toxic w/ no contraindications • Consult if taking anticoagulant medication

13. Performance Enhancers • Ergogenic aid • Any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency

14. Performance Enhancers • Research athletes that have been caught using ergogenic aids • What were they using? • How did they get caught? • Did it help them? • Any adverse effects? • What was the punishment?

15. Performance Enhancers • Anabolic-androgenic steroids • Manmade substances related to male sex hormones • Available legally by prescription • Treat low amounts testosterone (delayed puberty, impotence, etc.) • Most users are male

16. Performance Enhancers • Athletes take to enhance performance & improve appearance • Orally or injected in cycles • Increased risk of HIV/AIDS or hepatitis • Many psychiatric side effects: aggression, extreme mood swings (manic-like), depression, paranoid jealousy, irritability, delusions, impaired judgment (feeling invincible)

17. Performance Enhancers • Adverse effects include liver tumors, cancer, jaundice, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases LDL and decreases HDL (bad and good cholesterol) • Men: shrinking testicles, reduced sperm, infertility, baldness, develop breasts, increased risk of prostate cancer • Women: grow facial hair, male-pattern baldness, change menstrual cycle, deep voice • Adolescents: halted growth, premature skeletal maturation, accelerated puberty changes

19. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) • Growth hormones • Produced by the pituitary gland • Acts on most organs and tissues in the body • Works by increasing the conversion of amino acids into protein • Allows fat to be used for energy, saving glycogen • Adverse effects include heart disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death

20. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) • Androstenedione • Steroid hormone naturally produced in both men and women that is converted to testosterone or to estrogen • Adverse effects include early puberty, premature cessation of bone growth, extreme aggression, mood changes, decreased levels of cardiac-protective HDLs and elevated levels of estrogen

21. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) • Caffeine • Increased alertness, energy, and improves mood • High levels can cause sleeplessness, anxiety, headache, upset stomach, nervousness, and dehydration • Banned over a certain limit by International Olympic Committee

22. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) • Creatine monohydrate • Amino acid made by the liver and kidneys • Found naturally in skeletal muscle • Is converted into phosphocreatine in the body • Serves as a storage reservoir for quick energy • Popular in power sports (increases skeletal mm) • Adverse effects include weight gain, muscle cramping, dehydration, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and seizures, as well as effects on kidney function • May depress body’s own synthesis & may not return to normal

23. Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) • Ephedra • Shrublike plant found in desert regions in central Asia and other parts of the world • Stimulant containing ephedrine • Widely used for weight loss, to boost energy, and to enhance athletic performance • Adverse effects include hypertension, palpitations, neuropathy, psychosis, stroke, memory loss, heart-rate irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, seizures, heart attacks, and death

24. Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards • International Olympic Committee Medical Commission • Created in 1961 to deal with doping • Goals: • Protect health, respect for medical and sports ethics, equality for competing athletes • National Collegiate Athletic Association • Drug-testing program • Drug classes: stimulants, anabolic steroids, other drugs

25. Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards • Several professional athletic teams have written policy statements concerning the use of banned substances

26. Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards • Research NCAA, professional, and Olympic (IOC) rules on banned substances • What are some of the banned substances? • How do they test for it? • What happens if test positive (i.e. punishments)?

27. Education for Athletes • The Healthy Competition Foundation • Provides research, information, and strategies designed to eliminate use of performance enhancers • American College of Sports Medicine • International Olympic Committee • National Athletic Trainers Association • National Collegiate Athletic Association

28. Education for Athletes (cont’d.) • National Federation of State High School Associations • Physician and Sports Medicine • United States Food and Drug Administration • United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) • World Anti-Doping Agency

29. Ethics in Athletics • Athletic code of ethics • Essential for protecting and promoting the interests of athletics and coaching profession • Ethics are basic principles of proper action • Essential elements are honesty and integrity • Code's primary purpose is to clarify and distinguish ethical practices from those that are detrimental and harmful

30. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) • Proper conduct and good sportsmanship refer to standards such as: • Treat other persons as you know they should be treated, and as you would wish them to fairly treat you • Regard the rules of your game as agreements, the spirit or letter of which you should not evade or break • Treat officials and opponents with respect

31. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) • Proper conduct and good sportsmanship standards (cont’d.): • Accept the final decision of any official • Honor visiting teams and spectators as your own guests and treat them as such • Be gracious in victory and defeat • Be as cooperative as you are competitive • Remember that your actions on and off the field reflect upon you and your school

32. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) • Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes: • To teach and instruct students in the rules, fundamentals, and skills of various individual and team sports, and to provide physical training • To provide healthy competition and cooperation within and between schools

33. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) • Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes (cont’d.): • To develop aspects of good sportsmanship that will enhance each student’s education • To maintain the spirit of true amateur competition

34. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) • Guidelines for Coaches • School athletics part of education, not goal itself • Assist students toward developing fullest potential • Behavior of team can reflect coach’s own manner, and the school • Responsible for remaining objective

35. Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) • Guidelines for players • Respect themselves, coaches, and school • Rivalries encouraged, but disrespect is unsportsmanlike • Comply fully with rulings of officials • Adhere to rules of school, athletic department, and coaches

36. Conclusion • The use of dietary supplements and performance enhancers is a controversial issue • It is widely acknowledged that use of supplements and enhancers can do more harm than good • Athletes must understand the associated risks