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Relations and Partial Orders: Understanding Sets and Their Relationships

This article provides an overview of relations, partial orders, and lattices, explaining the concepts of reflexive, transitive, symmetric, and anti-symmetric relations. It also explores the concepts of least upper bound (lub) and greatest lower bound (glb) in posets, as well as the properties and examples of lattices.

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Relations and Partial Orders: Understanding Sets and Their Relationships

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  1. Background material

  2. Relations • A relation over a set S is a set R µ S £ S • We write a R b for (a,b) 2 R • A relation R is: • reflexive iff 8 a 2 S . a R a • transitive iff 8 a 2 S, b 2 S, c 2 S . a R b Æ b R c ) a R c • symmetric iff 8 a, b 2 S . a R b ) b R a • anti-symmetric iff 8 a, b, 2 S . a R b ):(b R a)

  3. Relations • A relation over a set S is a set R µ S £ S • We write a R b for (a,b) 2 R • A relation R is: • reflexive iff 8 a 2 S . a R a • transitive iff 8 a 2 S, b 2 S, c 2 S . a R b Æ b R c ) a R c • symmetric iff 8 a, b 2 S . a R b ) b R a • anti-symmetric iff 8 a, b, 2 S . a R b ):(b R a) 8 a, b, 2 S . a R b Æ b R a ) a = b

  4. Partial orders • An equivalence class is a relation that is: • A partial order is a relation that is:

  5. Partial orders • An equivalence class is a relation that is: • reflexive, transitive, symmetric • A partial order is a relation that is: • reflexive, transitive, anti-symmetric • A partially ordered set (a poset) is a pair (S,·) of a set S and a partial order · over the set • Examples of posets: (2S, µ), (Z, ·), (Z, divides)

  6. Lub and glb • Given a poset (S, ·), and two elements a 2 S and b 2 S, then the: • least upper bound (lub) is an element c such thata · c, b · c, and 8 d 2 S . (a · d Æ b · d) ) c · d • greatest lower bound (glb) is an element c such thatc · a, c · b, and 8 d 2 S . (d · a Æ d · b) ) d · c

  7. Lub and glb • Given a poset (S, ·), and two elements a 2 S and b 2 S, then the: • least upper bound (lub) is an element c such thata · c, b · c, and 8 d 2 S . (a · d Æ b · d) ) c · d • greatest lower bound (glb) is an element c such thatc · a, c · b, and 8 d 2 S . (d · a Æ d · b) ) d · c • lub and glb don’t always exists:

  8. Lub and glb • Given a poset (S, ·), and two elements a 2 S and b 2 S, then the: • least upper bound (lub) is an element c such thata · c, b · c, and 8 d 2 S . (a · d Æ b · d) ) c · d • greatest lower bound (glb) is an element c such thatc · a, c · b, and 8 d 2 S . (d · a Æ d · b) ) d · c • lub and glb don’t always exists:

  9. Lattices • A lattice is a tuple (S, v, ?, >, t, u) such that: • (S, v) is a poset • 8 a 2 S . ?v a • 8 a 2 S . a v> • Every two elements from S have a lub and a glb • t is the least upper bound operator, called a join • u is the greatest lower bound operator, called a meet

  10. Examples of lattices • Powerset lattice

  11. Examples of lattices • Powerset lattice

  12. Examples of lattices • Booleans expressions

  13. Examples of lattices • Booleans expressions

  14. Examples of lattices • Booleans expressions

  15. Examples of lattices • Booleans expressions

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