Brushstrokes Image Grammar

1. BrushstrokesImage Grammar Painting pictures with words…

2. Painting with… 1). Participles: A participle is a verb that is used as anadjective (descriptive word) and most often ends in –ing (present tense) or –ed and –en (past tense.) Participles evoke (bring to mind) action.

3. Examples: Reminder: Participles are verbs that are used as adjectives to help add imagery to writing. VerbParticiple bake baked chicken Ex. I took the baked chicken out of the oven before it burned. snore snoring father Ex. My snoringfather bellowed loudly for hours last night and no one was able to sleep. hiss, slither, coilhissing, slithering, coiling snakes Ex: Hissing, slithering, and coiling, the diamond- scaled snakes attacked their prey.

4. Let’s Practice… Participles Part One Directions: Circle the participles used in each sentence. • Shuddering, the dog backed into the corner away from its attacker. • The rhino, caught in the tangled rope, looked for freedom. • The burning log fell into the fire.

5. Check your answers… Part One Directions: Circle the participles used in each sentence. • Shuddering, the dog backed into the corner away from its attacker. • The rhino, caught in the tangled rope, looked for freedom. • The burning log fell into the fire.

6. Part Two Directions: Re-write each verb as a participle and then use each participle correctly in a sentence. Example: open: opened door Fortunately, the openeddoor blocked the blinding sun rays from hurting our eyes. Your turn… 1) cough ________________ 2) sink ________________ 3) burn ______________ 4) sleep _______________

7. Place participles in four different spots in a sentence • Immediately before the subject: • Heaving, I lifted the truck tire all by myself. • Heaving and puffing, I finished the marathon in record time. • Immediately after the subject: • I, heaving, lifted the heavy baby out of the crib. • I, heaving and puffing, lifted several heavy sacks of potatoes. • As a participle phrase, immediately before: • Hollering like a baby, Jana screamed about the splinter in her thumb. • As a participle phrase, immediately after: • The nurse, waiting patiently for the Jana’s tantrum to subside, took the splinter out quickly with a pair of tweezers.

8. Examples: Reminder: An absolute is a two word combination that is a noun + “ing” or “ed” verbadded onto a sentence. Ex: The cat attacked the dog. Claws digging, feet kicking, the cat attacked the dog. Ex: The branches stretched into the air. Limbs reaching, the branches stretched into the air.

9. Let’s Practice… Absolutes Part One Directions: Circle the absolutes used in each sentence. • Mind racing, anxiety overtaking, the diver peered once more at the specimen. • Jaws crackling, tongue curling, the kitten yawned tiredly, awaking from her nap. • As I neared the peak of the mountain, shoes digging and arms pumping, I strode to the top.

10. Check your answers… Absolutes Part One Directions: Circle the absolutes used in each sentence. • Mind racing, anxiety overtaking, the diver peered once more at the specimen. • Jaws crackling, tongue curling, the kitten yawned tiredly, awaking from her nap. • As I neared the peak of the mountain, shoes digging and arms pumping, I strode to the top.

11. Part Two Directions:Read each sentence below. Then, re-write and strengthen by adding at least one absolute to each sentence. You can add more details to strengthen the writing, too! Example: The man laughed loudly. Belly shaking, arms slapping, the man laughed loudly. • The car swerved to a stop. • When he finished the race, he got out of the pool. • The magician amazed the crowd.

12. Painting with… Appositives: a second noun or a noun phrase that adds a second image to the first/preceding noun. It will always come after the first noun and is used to help expand details in the reader’s imagination.

13. Examples: Reminder: an appositive is a second noun or a noun phrase that adds a second image to the first/preceding noun. It will always come after the first noun and is used to help expand details in the reader’s imagination. Ex: The raccoon enjoys eating turtle eggs. The raccoon, a scavenger, enjoys eating turtle eggs. Ex. My father finished the marathon first in his age group. My father, an athlete, finished the marathon first in his age group.

14. Let’s Practice… Appositives Part One Directions: Circle the appositives used in each sentence. • The waterfall, a tilted pitcher, poured the fresh, pure spray into the creek. • The fish, a slimy mass of flesh, felt the alligator’s giant teeth sink into its scales. • My dog, a beggar, waited at the foot of the table for scraps to fall. o .f-..

15. Check your answers… Appositives Part One Directions: Circle the appositives used in each sentence. • The waterfall, a tilted pitcher, poured the fresh, pure spray into the creek. • The fish, a slimy mass of flesh, felt the alligator’s giant teeth sink into its scales. • My dog, a beggar, waited at the foot of the table for scraps to fall.

16. Part Two Directions:Read each sentence below. Then, re-write and strengthen by adding one appositive to each sentence. You can add more details to strengthen the writing, too! Example: My head is throbbing. My head, a swollen mass, is throbbing. • The old woman stared blankly out the window. • My uncle won the contest. • Justin Timberlake performed at the Staples Center.

17. Painting with… Adjectives out of order: amplify the details of an image; they create a spotlight and intensify the image by creating a different rhythm; usually used in fiction.

18. Examples: Reminder: Adjectives out of order: amplify the details of an image; they create a spotlight and intensify the image by creating a different rhythm; usually used in fiction. Ex: The large, red-eyed angry moose charged the intruder. The large moose, red-eyed and angry, charged the intruder. Ex. The long and rectangular yard was large. The yard, long and rectangular, was like a football field.

19. Let’s Practice… Part One Directions: Circle the adjectives out of order used in each sentence. • The woman, old and wrinkled, smiled upon her newborn great-grandson with pride. • My green skirt, scratchy and stiff, was uncomfortable this morning at work. • As the gazelle paused in the field, the cheetah, tired and hungry, approached what soon would become his dinner.

20. Check your answers… Part One Directions: Circle the adjectives out of order used in each sentence. • The woman, old and wrinkled, smiled upon her newborn great-grandson with pride. • My green skirt, scratchy and stiff, was uncomfortable this morning at work. • As the gazelle paused in the field, the cheetah, tired and hungry, approached what soon would become his dinner.

21. Part Two Directions:Read each sentence below. Then, re-write and strengthen by placing the adjectives out of order. You can add more details to strengthen the writing, too! Example: The harsh and aggressive boxer felt no compassion for his contender. The boxer, harsh and aggressive, felt no compassion for his contender. • The feeble and stiff old man grasped his coat. • The dark and twisted character spooked the audience during the movie. • His wrinkled and heavy eyelids started to close as the night wore on.

22. Painting with… Action verbs:In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts. Sentences in active voice are generally clearer and more direct than those in passive voice. Your goal is to replace passive voice with active voiceand being verbs with doing verbs. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_actpass.html

23. Examples:

25. Let’s Practice… Part One Directions: Circle the action verbs used in each sentence. • Big Bear Lake echoed with sounds of geese. • The baby slept until morning, only stirring once in the night. • The road crept around the bend forcing drivers to brake slightly as they rounded the curve.

26. Check your answers… Part One Directions: Circle the action verbs used in each sentence. • Big Bear Lake echoed with sounds of geese. • The baby slept until morning, only stirring once in the night. • The road crept around the bend forcing drivers to brake slightly as they rounded the curve.

27. Part Two Directions:Read each sentence below. Then, replace the passive verbs with action verbs and being verbs with doing verbs. Example: The kitten was tired. The exhausted kitten stretched its tired body across the pillow. • The production was put on by OCSA alumni. • The test was passed by all of Ms. Mo’s students. • Her head was pounding.