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1969 - 1981

1969 - 1981. Nixon, Ford, Carter. With all the problems of 1968 – 1969 there was one moment that brought people together. Apollo 11: NASA took us to the moon. “One small step for man. One giant leap for mankind.” Neil Armstrong. Richard Nixon: The Person.

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1969 - 1981

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  1. 1969 - 1981 Nixon, Ford, Carter

  2. With all the problems of 1968 – 1969 there was one moment that brought people together • Apollo 11: NASA took us to the moon. • “One small step for man. One giant leap for mankind.” • Neil Armstrong

  3. Richard Nixon: The Person • Came from a low- income family in California. • Always felt like an “outsider.” • Created a deep anger and distrust of people. • Not exactly what we seek in presidents.

  4. Richard Nixon: The Person • He LOVED a crowd! • He was smart: Book Smart and Street Smart. • He didn’t just want to win – he wanted and needed to BEAT his opponents. • He thought he had many.

  5. Nixon’s Staff USUALLY: President’s cabinet, representatives of executive branch are the main advisors. Nixon avoided his cabinet and relied on his White House Staff. -HR Haldeman / John Ehrlichman

  6. Things that Nixon did right: • He did end US involvement in Vietnam. • How he did it, is still controversial. • Secret bombings in Cambodia / Laos • He did open up the possibility of peace with China. • 1-BILLION Communists / militant

  7. Things that Nixon did right: • Détente • Henry Kissinger – Secretary of State. • REALPOLITIK • Relaxed tensions with Soviets / Chinese Communists. • Talked more • Limited the ICBM missiles. • Started the process that ended the Cold War and the collapse of Communist Russia in 1990.

  8. Things Nixon “kinda” did right • Appointed 4 new judges to the Supreme Court. • Moderate / liberal judges. • New Federalism • Give federal money to states and they decide how to use it. • Who qualifies for welfare? • What should be taught in schools.

  9. Things that might not have been right with Nixon (1968 – 1974) • Slowed down integration. • Made Nixon VERY popular in the South. • Brought a lot of Democrats into the Republican Party.

  10. Things Nixon PROBABLY didn’t do right (1968 – 1974) • Oil Crisis • OPEC punished the US for supporting Israel. • Embargo on oil to US. • Prices QUADRUPLED. • 33% of our oil came from OPEC.

  11. Things Nixon PROBABLY didn’t do right (1968 – 1974) • Oil skyrocketing meant that INFLATION went up. • INFLATION: Prices go up faster than our wages. • People demanded more money from jobs. • Meant prices went up even more between wages / transportation costs.

  12. Nixon’s Response to Inflation / Gas Situation? • EXECUTIVE ORDERS: • Wages frozen for 90 days. • New speed limits: 55 mph on all highways / interstates. • Closing gas stations on weekends.

  13. Result for Nixon? • RECESSION: • People are scared about the future and don’t spend their money. • Means more unemployment. • Means more bad economic news. • Means people hold onto their money even more. • Creating more unemployment. • ETC. • Problem continuted for Ford, Carter, Reagan (1983)

  14. What Nixon REALLY screwed up on: WATERGATE • Nixon didn’t want to just “win” – he wanted to “beat” his “enemies.” • ANY means necessary to win. • Spying on enemies using govt. agencies • Wiretapping

  15. What Nixon REALLY screwed up on: Watergate • 1971: The Pentagon Papers • Former Defense Dept. Official: Daniel Ellsberg • Showed the public the “misleading” of presidents and the Pentagon about Vietnam.

  16. Nixon’s Response to the Leaks? • THE PLUMBERS • E. Howard Hunt, John Ehrlichman, G Gordon Liddy • Find anything they could to destroy anyone who “leaked” information. • Enemies everywhere mentality.

  17. Watergate • The Plumbers arranged a break-in of the Democratic Headquarters in the Watergate building in Washington DC. • Get info that might help them defeat the Democrats in the 1972 election. • Got caught!

  18. Watergate • The Plumbers tried to hide their connections to the break in. • Nixon tried to use the CIA to pressure the FBI not to continue their investigation of the money linked to Watergate.

  19. Watergate: 1972 - 1974 • Nixon tried to keep his secret tapings out of the hands of prosecutors. • When tapes were handed over there was 18 minutes missing! • Secretarial error? • Fired the Special Prosecutor investigating and his successor. • Mass of firings and resignations. • Saturday Night Massacre.

  20. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein • Washington Post reporters. • Connected the dots between the break in and the White House. • Deep Throat helped. • Nixon could try to say he wasn’t involved. • “I’m not a crook.”

  21. 1973 - 1974 • Congressional Hearings and IMPEACHMENT started.

  22. Nixon Resigns: • August 9, 1974 • Gerald Ford takes over. • “Our long national nightmare is over.” • Pardoned Nixon in 1975 for any crimes he might have committed.

  23. For Gerald Ford: The Pardon would destroy his own career • People thought Nixon should’ve been put on trial for all he did. • Ford didn’t think that putting a president on trial would help the country.

  24. The Nation votes in 1976 to “clean house” • Jimmy Carter – Democrat wins. • Total “outsider” to Washington. • VERY book smart president – but not a politically smart one.

  25. Carter’s Presidency: 1976 - 1980 • Inflation continued • Gas crisis continued • Foreign relations problems • Carter’s micro-management and cost-savings angered people in govt. • Power of his wife was also an issue!

  26. Jimmy Carter (1976 – 1980) • Amnesty for Vietnam Draft Dodgers. • Human Rights for Soviet dissidents. • Soviets did NOT like that. • Camp David Accords. • Israel and Egypt made peace. • First and only Arab country to do that.

  27. Problem of Realpolitik: The Shah of Iran • Dictator / Emperor • Pro-US / anti-Soviet • Put anyone that spoke against him in prison / torture / death / exile. • US involvement??? • 1978 – Overthrown by the Shiite Muslims under Ayatollah Khomeini. • First radical Islamic govt. • ANTI- USA • USA = Great Satan • Anything western is evil

  28. Carter’s Nightmare: Iran Hostage Crisis • January 1979: US embassy in Tehran, Iran taken over. • Anger at US allowing the Shah to come to the US for cancer treatments. • Later saw the power opportunities. • 52 Americans held hostage for 444 days. • Mock executions • Beatings • Blindfolded and put before angry crowds.

  29. Carter’s Nightmare: Iran Crisis • Carter tried negotiations. • Carter tried to freeze all Iran’s assets in the US. • Still a BIG issue today with Iran. • Tried to do a rescue mission. • Failed horribly.

  30. 1980 Election: • Jimmy Carter – Democrat • Blue • Ronald Reagan – Republican. • Green

  31. End to the Hostage Crisis • January, 1980: 444 days – hostages released. • Release with Reagan becoming president. • Iran kept in “virtual” isolation by world / US until 1990s. • Still no diplomatic ties with US and many other countries. • Threat of nuclear war?

  32. Today: US Embassy in Tehran is a “Museum” for remembering the victory over “the Great Satan.

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