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UHF Radiometry for Ice Sheet Subsurface Temperature Sensing

UHF Radiometry for Ice Sheet Subsurface Temperature Sensing. Joel T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, L . Tsang, C. C. Chen, M. Durand, G. Macelloni , M. Brogioni , Mark Drinkwater, Ludovic Brucker M. Aksoy , M. Andrews, D. Belgiovane , A. Bringer, Y. Duan , H. Li, J. Miller,

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UHF Radiometry for Ice Sheet Subsurface Temperature Sensing

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  1. UHF Radiometry for Ice Sheet Subsurface Temperature Sensing Joel T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, L. Tsang, C. C. Chen, M. Durand, G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, Mark Drinkwater, LudovicBrucker M. Aksoy, M. Andrews, D. Belgiovane, A. Bringer, Y. Duan, H. Li, J. Miller, S. Tan, T. Wang, M. Sanamzadeh, C. Yardim

  2. Motivation • Extensive past studies have developed a variety of sensing techniques for ice sheet properties, e.g. thickness, topography, velocity, mass, accumulation rate,… • Limited capabilities for determining ice sheet internal temperatures at present • Available from small number of bore holes • Internal temperature influences stiffness, which influences stress-strain relationship and therefore ice deformation and motion • Can ice sheet internal temperatures be determined using microwave radiometry?

  3. Status Progress • Basis for ice sheet thermometry • Evidence from satellite data • Forward modeling ultrawideband radiative transfer through ice sheets • Inverse Models • Implications of wideband radiometry on other physical systems • Design and implemention of the first ultra wide band system • Measurement Sensitivity • First experimental results over the Arctic Next Steps • Collaborations with ESA, IFARC, JPL, Decadal Survey • Second experiment in Greenland required • Deployment in Antarctic with IFAC

  4. Simple Emission Physics • In absence of scattering, thermal emission from ice sheet could be treated as a 0th order radiative transfer process • Similar to emission from the atmosphere: temperature profiling possible if strong variations in extinction with frequency (i.e. absorption line resonance) • Ice sheet has no absorption line but extinction does vary with frequency • Motivates investigating brightness temperatures as function of frequency • Inhomogeneities causing scattering or other layering effects are additional complication • First step is to demonstrate plausibility using models

  5. Zeroth Order Tb Model 5 • Zeroth order models used to illustrate basic processes • Robin model of ice sheet internal temperatures is (assumes homogeneous ice driven by geothermal heat flux, no lateral advection • In absence of scattering, thermal emission from ice sheet could be treated as a 0th order radiative transfer process • Similar to emission from the atmosphere: temperature profiling possible if strong variations in extinction with frequency (i.e. absorption line resonance) • Ice sheet has no absorption line but extinction does vary with frequency • Motivates investigating brightness temperatures as function of frequency

  6. Evidence in Support from SMOS SMOS data over Lake Vostok (East Antarctic Plateau) 25° 55° Brogioni, Macelloni, Montomoli, and Jezek, 2015 The analysis of SMOS data point out a relationship between Tb and Ice Thickness

  7. Simple Cloud Model Estimate of Greenland Brightness Temperatures • Cloud model Tb estimate based on temperature profiles derived from OIB thickness, CISM heat flux, RACMO SMB, MODIS surface temp. Parameter then corrected to match CC, NGRIP, GRIP temps. • 1.4 GHz data forced to align with SMOS data (black) using a constant multiplier. Same multiplier applied to other frequencies. • Variations are small at 1.4 GHz along flight path because temperature profiles are more uniform in depth. 500 MHz anomaly associated with region of assigned basal melt • Model DOES NOT capture layering or rough surface scattering Frequency 0.5 GHz B Model 1.0 R “” 1.4 C “” 2.0 G “” SMOS Bla (thick) (Jan. 2014) SMAP B (thick) (April, 2015) Oswald and Gogineni, Subsurface Water Map

  8. Sophisticated Coherent / Incoherent Models min reflection Cloud DMRT/MEMLS max reflection Coherent (Tan and others, 2015) • Used “Dome-C”-type physical parameters • Including density fluctuations with correlation length parameter • Results show: • Coherent effects are significant if density correlation length less than wavelength; otherwise good agreements between models

  9. Roughness: Compared with SMOS Data, Antarctica, Dome C With roughness Without roughness • Density fluctuation cause • Random roughness • Random densities 20 rough interfaces, Gaussian correlation: , , constant Use physical temperature profile, and thousands of interfaces • Roughness cause polarization & angular coupling • Use SPM2 to model multi-roughness: energy conserves independent of roughness and densities. • Roughness increases H-pol emissivity at large angles • TE and TM emissivities agree at nadir.

  10. Partially Coherent Model Applied to Greenland Summit Emission Density statistics estimated from high resolution density profiles • Partially Coherent Model: • Coherent within block • Incoherent cascading between adjacent blocks • Partially coherent model agrees with coherent model, and is more efficient and stable. • Partially coherent model in agreement with L band SMOS data

  11. Cryosphere Applicatoins: Modeling Emission Spectra during Lake Ice Growth phase t = ~ 70 days t = ~ 6 days t = ~ 18 days The oscillations of the Tb with frequency correspond to the correlations in time that are sought in wideband autocorrelation radiometric sensing. Fourier transform of TB vs. frequency is the temporal correlation function of the received noise: also can be used to determine thickness. Similar model results obtained for sea ice and seasonal snow cover Ref: England (2013)

  12. Potential for Aquifer Mapping Using Low-Frequency Radiometery SSMI Grad Ratio time 100 (left)SSMI19h SMAP h Grad ratio times 100 (right) Multiple channel radiometer has potential for revealing subsurface evolution including aquifer. Here we compare SMAP and SSMI data.

  13. Ultra-wideband software defined radiometer (UWBRAD) • UWBRAD=a radiometer operating 0.5 – 2 GHz for internal ice sheet temperature sensing • Requires operating in unprotected bands, so interference a major concern • Address by sampling entire bandwidth ( in 100 MHz channels) and implement real-time detection/filtering/use of unoccupied spectrum • Supported under NASA 2013 Instrument Incubator Program • Deploy prototype at Dome-C tower Nov 2015 +full system flightsover Greenlandin 2016 • Retrieve internal ice sheettemperatures andcompare with in-situcore sites

  14. UWBRAD project –main results Diameter: 1.1 inches • Radiometer 0.5 – 2 GHz developed and tested in the lab • Software for RFI mitigation developed and tested • Microwave emission model and Retrieval techniques developed • Flight and Ground campaign performed in Antarctica and Greenland (data analysis in progress) Cone Angle= 13.2° H = 40” Feed Board Diameter: 10 inches

  15. Theoretical Capabilities of UWBRAD Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) • CRLB provides the smallest RMS error theoretically possible for a remote sensing/estimation problem. No unbiased estimator can do better than the asymptotic limit provided by the CRLB. • This means: If we were to use all the information embedded in the 0.5-2GHz RF signal about the properties of the ice sheet, we could estimate T(z) at any depth z within a standard deviation of . • Measurements errors due to system noise, RFI, etc. will increase CRLB and hence reduce our capability to estimate T(z) accurately.

  16. CRLB temperature error at all depths along the flight path

  17. UWBRAD virtual mission & Baysian Inversion Approach Experiment Overview • Estimation framework uses a first guess temp. profile parameterized using the Robin model • Demonstration using synthetic observations for 47 points (including Summit and Camp Century) along Greenland flight line • Can UWBRAD improve poorly known prior parameter estimates? • Unknown parameters: Surface temperature, geothermal heat flux, vertical density variations Datasets • Surface Temperature and accumulation rate from RACMO reanalysis • Ice sheet thickness from Operation Ice Bridge • Geothermal heat flux from Community Ice Sheet Model • Mean density profile fit from Summit borehole data • Density variations fit from Liz Morris’ neutron probe data

  18. Estimate results for 47 points • Results • The 10 m temperatures are generally estimated within ± 0.5 K, despite the prior estimate being precise to ± 1.0 K • The mean temperature is improved over the prior; however, the basal temperature can only be partially improved because of basal heat flux • The RMS error (not shown) of the UWBRAD estimates are all within 3.5 K; 28/47 points show improvement over the prior • The estimation uncertainty increases with depth and stays below 1 K up to about 1500 m, and increases thereafter RMS error binned every 100m in depth

  19. UWBRAD Greenland Experiment 2016 Portion of the UWBRAD flight line (green) draped on Radarsatmosaic. Seaward portion of line not shown. Radiometer data end just west of Camp Century. As shown, the line begins over rocky terrain before intercepting the ice sheet at about 65.4o longitude. The low-elevation ablation-zone is characterized by low backscatter. The signal brightens to the east as the line enters the wet snow facies. A small surface lake is visible just south of the ine at about 63.9o longitude. Backscatter brightens to the east within the percolation facies before starting to dim as dry snow facies begin to dominate near Camp Century.

  20. Correlation between UBRAD and Snow Facies Data profile begins over rocky terrain.beforeintercepting the ice sheet at about 65.4o longitude. The low-backscatter ablation-zone is radiometrically warm. Tb cools into the wet snow zone and the spectral response is nearly flat. Tb is coldest in the percolation facies but the spectral response increase. The minimum in Tb shifts eastward with increasing frequency. Spectral response is strongest in dry snow zone..

  21. Brightness Temperatures of Camp Century 1000 realizations Camp Century Ice lens (disks in top 50m): 6 disks/m3, diameter 10cm, thickness 2cm

  22. UWBRAD Collaborations • Cryorad (approved) • Feasibility study for a satellite mission featuring a ultrawideband radiometer (or multichannel) in the frequency range 0.5-2GHz. The mission objective is the improvement of the monitoring and the estimates of Ice sheet internal temperatures, sea ice thickness and permafrost. Project topics are: definition system and observation requirements, scientific study of the targets characteristics. • Funded by Italian Space Agency (ASI) • Partners: Italian National Research Council (IT), The Ohio State University (USA), University of Hamburg (D) • Dome-C Drilling for Dielectric measurements – 3D (approved) • Characterization of the dielectric permittivity of firn and the attenuation of e. m. waves in the low-frequency microwave range (0.4 -2 GHz) in the Antarctic ice sheet by means of a combination of punctual and integrated measurements using ice cores and the resulting boreholes. • Funded by Italian Antarctic Research Programme (PNRA) • Partners: Italian National Research Council (IT), University of Siena (IT), University of Bologna (IT), University of Florence (IT), LGGE (FR), CESBIO (FR) , The Ohio State University (USA)

  23. ISSIUMAX – Ice Sheet and Sea Ice Ultrawideband Microwave Airborne eXperiment(submitted) • Airborne campaign aimed at demonstrating the potential of the ultra-wide band low-frequency microwave radiometry for the monitoring of the Antarctic ice sheet temperature profile and sea ice thickness. • Submitted to the Italian Antarctic Research Programme (PNRA) call for projects 2017-2018 • Partners: Italian National Research Council (IT), The Ohio State University (USA), University of Hamburg (D) • Planetary PSTAR proposal submitted by JPL for Antarctic experiments • Two contributions to Decadal Survey white paper requests • White paper submitted on behalf of SMAP Senior Review

  24. Summary Radiative transfer models indicate a measurable spectral response of ultrawidebandradiometery over ice sheets. This is the case for several other components of the cryosphere. Model results are dependent on initial assumptions particularly about layering. Data so far do not allow selection of a final model First ultrawide band radiometer instrument designed on the basis of modeling and science requriements. Instrument was deployed in Antarctica and Greenland where the first ultrawide band data were acquired Efforts to date have inspired several national and international collaborations Limitations of the available data set preclude a definitive assessment of ice sheet thermometry. A second field program in early Spring 2017 could resolve the key science issue.

  25. Publications Jezek, K. C., J. T. Johnson, M. R. Drinkwater, G. Macelloni, L. Tsang, M. Aksoy, and M. Durand, “Radiometric approach for estimating relative change in intra-glacier average temperature,” IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens., vol. 53, pp. 134-143, 2015. Tan, S., M. Aksoy, M. Brogioni, G. Macelloni, M. Durand, K. Jezek, T. Wang, L. Tsang, J. T. Johnson, M. Drinkwater, L. Brucker, “Physical models of layered polar firn brightness temperatures from 0.5-2 GHz,” IEEE JSTARS, vol. 8, pp. 3681-3691, 2015. Brogioni, M., S. Pettinato, F. Montomoli, K. Jezek, and G. Macelloni, “Simulating multi-frequency ground based radiometric measurements at DOME-C Antarctica,” accepted by JSTARS, 2015. Jezek, K. C., J. T. Johnson, and M. Aksoy, ``Radiometric approach for estimating relative changes in intra-glacier average temperatures,'' AGU Fall meeting, proceedings, 2012. M. Aksoy, J. T. Johnson, and K. C. Jezek, “Remote sensing of ice sheet subsurface temperatures,“ MicroRad, 2014. G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, M. Aksoy, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, and M. Drinkwater, ``Understanding SMOS data in Antarctica,'' IGARSS, 2014. M. Aksoy, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. Durand, M. R. Drinkwater, G. Macelloni, and L. Tsang, ``An examination of multi-frequency microwave radiometry for probing subsurface ice sheet temperatures,'‘ IGARSS, 2014. M. Aksoy, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. Durand, M. R. Drinkwater, G. Macelloni, and L. Tsang, ``The ultra-wideband software defined microwave radiometer (UWBRAD),” Earth Science Technology Forum, 2014. Brogioni, M., G. Macelloni, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. R. Drinkwater, “L-band radiometer observations of the ice sheet,” ESA Workshop on novel mission concepts for snow and cryosphere research,2014. Macelloni, G., J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek , M. Durand, M. Aksoy, M. Brogioni, L. Tsang and M. R. Drinkwater, “UWBRAD: A multifrequency microwave radiomter for measuring subsurface ice sheet temperatures,” ESA Workshop on novel mission concepts for snow and cryosphere research, 2014.

  26. Publications (cont’d) A. Bringer, K. Jezek, J. Johnson, M. Durand, M. Aksoy, L. Tsang, T. Wang, S. Tan, G. Macelloni, M. Brogini, M. Drinkwater, “Ice Sheet Thermometry Using Wideband Radiometry,” AGU Fall Meeting, 2014. “The Ultra-Wideband Software-Defined Radiometer (UWBRAD) for Greenland Ice Sheet Internal Temperature Sensing,” C. Yardim et al, Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA) Meeting, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD, Jan 26-29 2015. A. Bringer, et al, ``An examination of models for predicting the 0.5-2 GHz brightness temperature of ice sheets,'‘ IGARSS15. T. Wang, L. Tsang, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, and S. Tan, “Partially coherent model for the microwave brightness temperature of layered snow firn with density variations and interface roughness,” IGARSS, 2015. J. T. Johnson et al, ``The ultra-wideband software-defined radiometer (UWBRAD) for ice sheet internal temperature sensing: instrument status and experiment plans,'‘ IGARSS, 2015. C. Yardim, A. Bringer, M. Aksoy, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, and M. Durand, “Theoretical limits on the inversion quality of ice sheet properties using the ultra-wideband software defined radiometer (UWBRAD),” IGARSS, 2015. G. Macelloni et al, “On the analysis of low frequency microwave emission of the ice sheets,” 2nd SMOS Science Conference, Madrid, Spain, May 2015. A. Bringer, J. T. Johnson, et al, “The ultra-wideband software-defined radiometer (UWBRAD) for ice sheet internal temperature sensing: instrument status and experiment plans,” ESTF, 2015. Jezek, K. 2015. Some recent developments in remote sensing of ice sheet. Presented at International Polar Remote Sensing Workshop, Beijing Normal University, Beijing China, June 8-9, 2015. Jezek, K. 2015. Airborne and spaceborne remote sensing of Earth's cryosphere. Invited lectures at Beijing Normal University (Beijing), Xi 'An Technical University (Xi' An), Guilin Technical University (Guilin), East China Normal University (Shanghai), Tongji University (Shanghai), China, June 2015.

  27. Publications (cont’d) • A. Bringer, K. C. Jezek, J. T. Johnson, C. C. Chen, M. Durand, M. Aksoy, D. Belgiovane, L. Tsang, T. Wang, S. Tan, G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, ``The ultra-wideband software defined microwave radiometer (UWBRAD): instrument status and experiment plans,” Earth Science Technology Forum, 2015. • L. Tsang, T. Wang, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, S. Tan, "Modeling the effects of multi-layer surface roughness on 0.5-2 GHz passive microwave observations of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets," American Geophysical Union annual meeting, 2015. • Y. Duan, M. Durand, K. Jezek, C. Yardim, A. Bringer, M. Aksoy, J. T. Johnson, “A Bayesian retrieval of Greenland ice sheet internal temperature from UWBRAD measurements,” American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 2015. • A. Bringer, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. Durand, Y. Duan, M. Aksoy, G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, L. Brucker, S. Tan, M. Drinkwater, L. Tsang, “Ultra-wideband radiometry for internal ice sheet temperature measurements: modeling and experiments,” American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 2015. • M. Brogioni, G. Macelloni, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. Durand, M. Aksoy, M. Andrews, D. Belgiovane, A. Bringer, H. Li, C. C. Chen, L. Tsang, M. R. Drinkwater, “The UWBRAD project: a novel instrument for estimating ice sheet internal temperature by means of ultra wideband brightness temperature measurements,” ESA Living Planet Symposium, 2016. • M. Andrews, J. T. Johnson, H. Li, M. Aksoy, K. Jezek, G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, “Calibration of the ultra-wideband software defined microwave radiometer (UWBRAD) for ice sheet thermometry,” Microrad 2016. • G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. Andrews, H. Li, M. Aksoy, D. Belgiovane, and C. C. Chen, “Deployment of the UWBRAD radiometer at DOME-C: first results of the Antarctic campaign,” Microrad 2016. • L. Tsang, S. Tan, T. Wang, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, “A partial coherent model of layered media with random permittivities and roughenss for polar ice sheet emission in UWBRAD,” Microrad 2016.

  28. Publications (cont’d) • M. Brogioni, F. Monti, V. Stanzione, G. Macelloni, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. Andrews, H. Li, A. Bringer, C. Chen, D. Belgiovane, V. Leuski, “First measurements of the ultra-wideband software defined radiometer (UWBRAD) at DOME-C Antarctica,” IGARSS 2016. • J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. Aksoy, A. Bringer, C. Yardim, M. Andrews, C. Chen, D. Belgiovane, V. Leuski, M. Durand, Y. Duan, G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, S. Tan, T. Wang, L. Tsang, “The ultra-wideband software defined radiometer for ice sheet internal temperature sensing: results from recent observations,” IGARSS 2016. • L. Tsang, T. Wang, J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, S. Tan, “A partially coherent microwave emission model for polar ice sheets with density fluctuations and multilayer rough interfaces from 0.5-2 GHz,” IGARSS 2016. • Y. Duan, M. Durand, K. Jezek, C. Yardim, A. Bringer, M. Aksoy, J. T. Johnson, “Testing the feasibility of a Bayesian retrieval of Greenland ice sheet internal temperature from ultra-wideband software defined microwave radiometer (UWBRAD) measurements,” IGARSS 2016. • D. Belgiovane, C. C. Chen, and J. T. Johnson, Conical log spiral antenna development for the UWBRAD ice sheet internal temperature sensing, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Symposium, 2016. • A. Bringer, J. T. Johnson, M. Aksoy, K. C. Jezek, M. Durand, L. Tsang, S. Tan, T. Wang, G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, Modeling UHF band spectra of lake ice brightness tempeatures, 23rd IAHR International Symposium, May 31-June 3rd, 2016. • A. Bringer, J.Johnson, K. Jezek, M. Durand, Y. Duan, "Observations of Snow Packs with an Ultra-Wide Band Radiometer", 73rd Eastern Snow Conference. • J. T. Johnson, K. C. Jezek, M. Aksoy, A. Bringer, M. Andrews, H. Li, C. Chen, D. Belgiovane, V. Leuski, G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, “The ultra-wideband software defined radiometer for ice sheet internal temperature sensing: RFI detection and filtering,” to be presented at RFI 2016 workshop. • Y. Duan, M. Durand, et al, “A Bayesian retrieval of Greenland ice sheet internal temperature from ultra-wideband software defined microwave radiometer (UWBRAD) measurements,” to be presented at AGU 2016. • J. Z. Miller, A. Bringer, K. C. Jezek, J. T. Johnson, T. A. Scambos, D. G. Long, "Mapping Greenland's firn aquifer from space using L-band microwave radiometry", to be presented at AGU 2016.

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